murmured

黑龙江哈尔滨工程大学博士入学考试英语真题

一、词汇

oristwas____bytheconflictingroadsigns.

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hequarrel,hecompletely____hisrelationswithhisfamily.

d

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pleisquite____;itisneithersweetnorsour.

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____effortswecanfinishontime.

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ted

littlemoneyawayforthelongwinter.

theideasbehindtelevisionappearedinthelate19thcenturyandearly20thcentury.

tlastnightwasagloriousofeverchangingcolour.

ernmentpaidthefarmersfortheirpotato.

vitationalforce______anobjectattheEarth’ssurfaceiscalledtheweightoftheobject.

n

movingtoanothercity,Frank_________ofthehouandthefurniture.

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tedhimtobefullofvigorandingoodspiritandweredisappointedbyhisattitude.

nwas______whenitwasdiscoveredjusthowmuchtheschemewouldcost.

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二、填空

thetwentiethcentury

therehasbeenaremarkableshorteningofthe12ofawoman’slifespentin13forchildren.A

womanmarryingattheendofthenineteenthcenturywouldprobablyhavebeeninher14twenties.,

andwouldbelikelytohavevenoreightchildren,ofwhomfourorfivelivedtilltheywerefive

imetheyoungestwasfifteen,themother15havebeeninherearlyfiftiesand

wouldexpecttoliveafurthertwentyyears,duringwhichcustom,opportunityandhealthmadeitunusual

yawoman’syoungest

childwillbefifteenwhensheisforty-fiveandcanbe18toliveanotherthirty-fiveyearsandis

19shehasthecareofchildren,herwork

islightenedbyhouholdappliancesandconveniencefoods.

Thisimportantchangeinwomen’slife-patternhasonlyrecentlybeguntohaveitsfulleffect

onwomen’ewyearsagomostgirlsleftschoolatthefirstopportunity,

r,whentheymarried,theyusuallyleftworkatonceand

heschool-leavingageissixteen,manygirls22atschoolafterthatage,

andthoughwomen23tomarryyounger,moremarriedwomenstayatwordatleastuntilshortlybefore

theirfirstchildisborn,verymanymoreafterwardsreturntofull-orpart-timework,Suchchanges

have24toanewrelationshipinmarriage,withthehusbandacceptingagreatershareofthe25and

satisfactionsoffamilylife,andwithbothhusbandandwifesharingmoreequallyinprovidingthemoney,

andrunningthehome,accordingtotheabilitiesandinterestsofeachofthem.

rCinDto

tBshareCproportionDtime

dingBcaringClookingDminding

ediumCaverageDmiddle

BmightCshouldDwould

gBpaidCpayableDpayment

fewerCfewDafew

tedBhopedClikelyDlonged

CwhileDwhen

tionBstandCpositionDaspect

wentCreturnedDclung

ftBkeepCareDstay

dBtendCmeanDconsider

BledCresultedDcaud

emsBissuesCdutiesDjobs

三、阅读

Passage1

InancientGreeceathleticfestivalswereveryimportantandhadstrongreligiousassociations.

TheOlympianathleticfestivalheldeveryfouryearsinhonourofZeus,kingoftheOlympianGods,

eventuallylostitslocalcharacter,becamefirstanationaleventandthen,aftertherulesagainst

foreigncompetitorshadbeenabolished,nowxactlyhowfarbacktheOlympic

eofficialrecordsdatefrom766B.C.

ousandsofspectatorsgathered

fromallpartsofGreece,,womenand

ctquenceofeventsisuncertainbutevents

includedboy'sgymnastics,boxing,wrestling,horracingandfieldevents,thoughtherewerefewer

sportsinvolvedthaninthemodernOlympicGames.

OnthelastdayoftheGames,allthewinnerswerehonouredbyhavingaringofholyoliveleaves

twasthehonourthatthewinnerofthefootracegavehisnametothe

ghOlympicwinnersreceivednoprizemoney,theywere,infact,richlyrewarded

irresultscomparedwithmodernstandards,weunfortunatelyhave

nomeansoftelling.

Afteranuninterruptedhistoryofalmost1,200years,theGamesweresuspendedbytheRomansin

ntinuedforsuchalongtimebecaupeoplebelievedinthephilosophybehindtheOlympics:

theideathatahealthybodyproducedahealthymind,andthatthespiritofcompetitioninsportsand

ver1,500yearsbeforeanothersuch

internationalathleticgatheringtookplaceinAthensin1896.

tcountryprovidesvastfacilities.

Includingastadium,swimmingpoolsandlivingaccommodation,butcompetingcountriespaytheirown

athletes'expens.

TheOlympicsstartwiththearrivalinthestadiumofatorch,lightedonMountOlympusbythesun's

chsymbolizedthecontinuation

urnsthroughouttheGamesuntiltheclosingceremony.

Thewell-knownOlympicflag,however,isamodernconception:thefiveinterlockingringssymbolize

theunitingofallfivecontinentsparticipatingintheGames.

entGreece,theOlympicGames.

relynationalathleticfestivals

thenatureofanationaleventwithastrongreligiouscolour

eswhichputforeignparticipantsinadisadvantageousposition

imarilynationaleventswithfewforeignparticipants

arlydaysofancientOlympicGames.

leGreekathleteswereallowedtoparticipateinthegames

eks,irrespectiveofx,religionorsocialstatus,wereallowedtotakepart

eks,withtheexceptionofwomen,wereallowedtocompeteintheGames

eGreekswerequalifiedtocompeteinthegames

erofathleticeventsattheancientOlympics.

definitelybeenestablished

accordingtothenumberofforeigncompetitors

idedbyZeus,inwhohonourtheGameswereheld

sideredunimportant

athletes'resultscannotbecomparedwiththoofancientrunnersbecau.

ekshadnomeansofrecordingtheresults

emuchbetter

ssuchasthetimewerenotrecordedinthepast

emuchwor

ystheathletes'expensarepaidfor

heprizemoneyofthewinners

hefundsraidbythecompetingnations

thletesthemlves

ributions

Passage2

Aroundtheearthataboutlatitude30degreesNorthandSouthandalsoovercontinentsinwinter,

regionsthewindsslowlyspreadouthorizontally,

eofthewarmingassociatedwithcompression

ofthedescendingair,anticyclones（高气压）generallyareassociatedwithclearweather,exceptlocally

wherecontactofairwithacoldsurfacemayresultinfogsorlow-hangingclouds.

Mostoftheregionswhereanticyclonestendtoprevailarequiteuniformintheirsurface

characteristics;andwiththeslowdivergingmotions,largebodiesofairwithuniformcharacteristics

llargebodiesofair,calledairmass,withdistinctivepropertiesare

formedinthisway.

Maritimetropicalairmassformovertheoceansatlatitude30degreesnorthandsouthandmay

laterbetransportedthousandsofkilometersfromtheirorigintocreateabnormallywarmandhumidperiods

oftimeandtosupplyabundantsourcesofwaterforcloudsandraininmiddleandhighlatitudes.

Airmgionswere

giventhenamet

noticeablefrontstendtobesituatedinwinterintheeasterncoastofNorthAmerica,andsimilarly

tinentalpolarairmasstendtosinkandspreadoutunderthewarm

mairmassarethuspushedupoverthepolarairmassalong

thefrontalzonesandarecooledbyexpansion,andtheyconquentlycondenandcastdowntheir

moisture.

clones.

urevenwhenthereisfogorlow-hangingclouds

eroccurwhenthereisfogandlow-hangingclouds

onlywhenthereisastrongwindincoldweather

occurwhenitisfineandclear

sareformedwhen.

clonesbecomequiteuniformintheirsurfacecharacteristics

llargebodiesofairwithuniformcharacteristicsmeet

ctivepropertiesaredevelopedintheairbody

odiesofairbegantomoveindifferentdirections

d"maritime"inthethirdparagraphmeans.

c

.

aswherecoldandhottemperatureexistsidebyside

totheeasterncoastofNorthAmerica

mmaritimetropicalairmass

tonarrowtropicalairmass

rmairmassarepushedupoverthepolarairmassalongthefrontalzonesandarecooled

byexpansion,.

mextremelycold

becomesmoist

therbecomesfineanddry

nstosnoworrain

Passage3

Therewereinnsthroughouttheancientcivilizedworld,strategicallyplacedtoaccommodate

merchants,militarypersonnel,governmentofficials,andotherswhoworkforcedthemtotravel.

theearlyMiddleAges,travelwasinfrequentand

unsafe.

Aboutthe12thcenturytravelingagainbecamerelativelysafe,andinnswereestablishedalongthe

mainroutestoaccommodatemerchants,religiouspilgrims（朝圣者）,ndardsro

ndoftheMiddleAgestherewereinnsthroughoutEurope

andintheIslamiccountries,ustrialRevolution

stimulatedinnbuilding,especiallyinEngland,whoinnsbecameastandardfortherestoftheworld.

ThefirsthotelsinNorthAmericawereAtlanticaportinnsandconvertedfarmhousalong

nalsandrailroadswerebuiltinthe19thcentury,thewaysideinngaveway

esgrew,newhotelswereconstructedinthe

1800theUnitedStatesalreadyhadthelargesthotelsin

theworld,vensHotel(now

theChicagoHiltonandTowers)inchicagoonceboastedofbeingthelargestintheworld,with3,000

incebeenexceededinsizebythehotelRussiainMoscow,andhotelswithveralhundred

roomshavebecomecommonnearlyeverywhere.

AstravelforpleasuregainedpopularityinEurope,luxuryandresorthotelswerebuiltinmany

oyHotelinLondontnewstandardsofluxurywhenitopenedin1889byhavingits

ownelectricity,theater,privatechapel,laundry,elwasmanagedbyCesar

Ritz,ndardstbytheSavoyandtheRitz

havebeenimitatedbyhotelsaroundtheworld.

lingforpleasure.

racedbacktothe12thcenturytravelling

arealityin1889whentheSavoyHotelwasbuilt

ostnon-existentduringtheMiddleAges

ivilegeenjoyedonlybytherichintheMiddleAges

pliedthatbeforethe19thcenturythedevelopmentofhotel.

debysidewiththedevelopmentofeconomy

ckerwhentherewasnowar

aleadingroleinBritishexpansionandcolonization

atedindustrialdevelopmentandinternationalexchange

gesthotelis.

oyHotelinLondon

zinParis

ussiainMoscow

vensHotelinChicago

zisadmiredfor.

ortantlocationinLondon

uriesandvariousrvices

nder'sleadingroleinhoteldevelopment

ularityamongtravellers

rdparagraphfocuson.

wingsizeofhotels

evelopmentinNorthAmericaandRussia

elopmentofhotelinthe19thcentury

toryofhotelindustryinAmerica

Passage4

Whatdoesthefutureholdfortheproblemofhousing?onthemeaning

of'future'.Ifoneisthinkingintermsofsciencefictionandthespaceageitisatleastpossible

toassofscience

fiction,nwards,veconveyedthesuggestion

thatmenwillliveingreatcomfort,yand

easy,ssomenewbuilding

material,asyetunimagined,willhavebeendiscoveredorinventedatleastonemaybecertainthat

bricksandmortarwilllonghavegoneoutoffashion.

istshavealready

pointedoutthatunlesssomethingisdoneeithertorestricttheworld'srapidgrowthinpopulation

ortodiscoveranddevelopnewsourcesoffood(orboth),millionsofpeoplewillbedyingofstarvation

or,atthebest,odyhasyetworked

edlytheworstsituationswilloccurinthe

hottestpartsoftheworld,wherehousingcanbeoflightstructure,orinbackwardareaswherestandards

heteeming,

bulgingtownsthelow-standard'housing'offlattenedpetrolcansanddirtycanvasisfarmorewasteful

ofgroundspacethancanbetolerated.

Sincethewar,HongKonghassufferedthekindofcrisiswhichislikelytoariinmanyother

llymillionsofrefugeesarrivedtoswellthealreadygrowing

populationandemergencystepshadtobetakenrapidlytopreventsqualoranddiaandthespread

yistacklingthesituationenergeticallyandenormousblocksoftenementsarerising

gKongisonlyonesmallpartofwhatwillcertainlybecomeavastproblem

ewhenpopulationgrowsatthisratethereareaccompanying

problemsofeducation,transport,hospitalrvicesdrainage,ryarea

mayhavethesameresourcesasHongKongtodrawuponandthearchforquickerandcheapermethods

ofconstructionmustnevercea.

tparagraphwearetoldthat,intheopinionofthewriter,housingproblems.

ompletelysolvedatsometimeinthefuture

mportantandeasilydealtwith

tbesolveduntilanewbuildingmaterialhasbeendiscovered

endealtwithindetailinbooksdescribingthefuture

teriscertainthatinthedistantfuture.

andmortarwillbereplacedbysomeotherbuildingmaterial

ildingmaterialwillhavebeeninvented

andmortarwillnotbeudbypeoplewhowanttheirhoutobefashionable

yofusingbricksandmortarwillhavebeendiscovered

terbelievesthatthebiggestproblemlikelytofacetheworldbeforetheendofthe

century.

iculttoforee

howtofeedthegrowingpopulation

howtoprovideenoughhouinthehottestpartsoftheworld

uestionoffindingenoughgroundspace

ewritersaysthattheworstsituationswilloccurinthehottestpartsoftheworldorin

backwardareas,heisreferringtothefactthatintheparts.

rdsofbuildingarelow

nimumshelterwillbepossible

snotenoughgroundspace

ulationgrowthwillbethegreatest

fthefollowingntencesbestsummarisparagraph3?

nghasfacedariouscrisiscaudbymilionsofrefugees.

nghassuccessfullydealtwiththeemergencycaudbymillionsofrefugees.

ng'scrisiswasnotonlyamatterofhousingbutincludedanumberofotherproblemsof

populationgrowth.

rtsoftheworldmayhavetofacethekindofproblemncounteredbyHongKongandmay

findithardertodealwiththem.

Passage5

In1575—over400yearsago—theFrenchscholarLouisLeRoypublishedalearnedbookinwhichhe

voiceddespairoverthechangescaudbythesocialandtechnologicalinnovationsofhistime,what

havereasontobelievethatourdescendantswillbeworoffthan

weare.

ionwillruintheenvironment,

upttheclimate,inlivingstandardsbetweentherichandthepoorwill

widenandleadtheangry,hungrypeopleoftheworldtoactsofdesperationincludingtheuofnuclear

etheinevitableconquencesofpopulationandtechnologicalgrowthif

prenttrendscontinue.

sprobablyhavenochangefromthetyrannyof

biologicalevolution,,trend

apefromexistingtrendsisnowfacilitatedbythefactthatsocietiesanticipate

futuredangersandtakepreventivestepsagainstexpectedchanges.

Despitethewidespreadbeliefthattheworldhasbecometoocomplexforcomprehensionbythehuman

brain,modernsocietieshaveoftenrespondedeffectivelytocriticalsituations.

Thedecreainbirthrates,thepartialprohibitionofpesticides,therethinkingoftechnologies

fortheproductionanduofenergyarebutafewexamplesillustratingasuddenreversaloftrends

caudnotbypoliticaluptsorscientificbreakthroughs,butbypublicawarenessofconquences.

Evenmorestrikingarethesituationinwhichsocialattitudesconcerningfuturedifficultiesundergo

rapidchangesbeforetheproblemshavecometopass—witnesstheheatedargumentsabouttheproblems

ofbehaviorcontrolandofgeneticengineeringeventhoughthereisasyetnoproofthateffectivemethods

canbedevelopedtomanipulatebehaviorandgenesonapopulationscale.

Oneofthecharacteristicsofourtimesisthustherapiditywithwhichstepscanbetakentochange

angesusuallyemergefromgrassroots

movementsratherthanfromofficialdirectives.

ingtothereadinglection,ifprenttrendscontinue,whichoneofthefollowingsituations

willnotoccur?

populatedearthwillbeunabletosustainitsinhabitants.

hwillbecomericherandthepoorpoorer.

rcesofenergyfromvastcoaldepositswillbesubstitutedforthesoon-to-beexhausted

resourcesofoilandnaturalgas.

ectsofpollutionwillrendertheearthanditsatmosphereathreattomankind.

tillustrationofthemeaningof"trendisnotdestiny"inPara.3is.

eingsareblesdwiththefreedomofsocialevolution

ldhasbecometoocomplexforcomprehensionbythehumanbrain

alprocesscanovershootandcaucatastrophes

thwillsoonbeovercrowdedanditsresourcexhausted

ingtothepassage,evidencesoftheinsightofthepublicintothedangerswhichsurround

uscanbefoundinallofthefollowingexcept.

ainbirthrates

tiontotheuofpesticides

meetingstocomplainaboutdumpingchemicals

eainthemilitarybudgetbythepresident

horisinfavoroftheopinionthat.

rweaponswon’tplayaprominentroleindealingsamongpeoples

feelpowerlesswhenconfrontedwiththesuddenreversaloftrendcaudbyscientific

advances

scientistsandthepublicareconsciousofthefuturedangersandreadytotakemeasures

topreventthem

eischaracterizedbythetrendofrapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnologywhichis

inevitableandirreversible.

Passage6

Thehard,rigidplatesthatformtheoutermostportionoftheEarthareabout100kilometersthick.

TheplatesincludeboththeEarth'scrustandtheuppermantle.

Therocksofthecrustarecompodmostlyofmineralswithlightelements,likealuminumandsodium,

whilethemantlecontainssomeheavierelements,er,thecrustandupper

gidlayerfloatsonthedenr

tesaresupportedbyaweak,

kearaftonapond,thelithospheric

platesarecarriedalongbyslowcurrentsinthismorefluidlayerbeneaththem.

Withanunderstandingofplatetectonics,geologistshaveputtogetheranewhistoryfortheEarth's

200millionyearsago,theplatesattheEarth'ssurfaceformeda"superconentinent"

issupercontinentstartedtotearapartbecauofplatemovement,Pangaeafirst

brokeintotwolargecontinentalmasswithanewlyformedathatgrewbetweenthelandareasas

thernone—whichincludedthemoderncontinentsofSouthAmerica,

Africa,Australia,andAntarctica—thernone—withNorthAmerica,Europe,

andAsia—mericatoreawayformEuropeabout180millionyearsago,forming

thenorthernAtlanticOcean.

Someofthelithosphericplatescarryoceanfloorandotherscarrylandmassoracombination

ementofthelithosphericplatesisresponsibleforearthquakes,volcanoes,

andtheEarth'tunderstandingoftheinteractionbetweendifferent

mple,theedgeofthePacificOceanhasbeencalled

the"RingofFire"the1960's,

geologistscouldnotexplainwhyactivevolcanoesandstrongearthquakeswereconcentratedinthatregion.

Thetheoryofplatetectonicsgavethemananswer.

ichofthefollowingtopicsisthepassagemainlyconcerned?

tributionsofthetheoryofplatetectonicstogeologicalknowledge.

eralcompositionoftheEarth'scrust.

ationoftheEarth'smajorplates.

hodsudbyscientiststomeasureplatemovement.

ingtothepassage,thelithosphericplatesaregivensupportbythe.

osphere

horcomparestherelationshipbetweenthelithosphereandtheasthenospheretowhichofthe

following?

loatingonthewater.

sionofrocksbyrunningwater.

ingtothepassage,thenorthernAtlanticOceanwasformedwhen.

ovementcead

fLaurasiaparatedfromeach

fthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutthetheoryofplatetectonics?

longerofgreatinteresttogeologists.

irstpropodinthe1960's.

stoexplainwhyearthquakesoccur.

testhetheoryoftheexistenceofasupercontinent.

agraphfollowingthepassagemostprobablydiscuss.

taingeologicaleventshappenwheretheydo

logicaloccurrenceshavechangedovertheyears

tunusualgeologicaldevelopmentsintheEarth'shistory

estinnovationsingeologicalmeasurement

Passage6

Forveralyears,scientistshavebeentestingasubstancecalledinterferon,apotentialwonder

drugthatisprovingtobeeffectiveintreatingavarietyofailments,includingvirusinfections,

bacteriainfections,,thenewdrughasprovokednonegativereactionofsufficient

piteofitssuccess,lastyearonlyonegramwasproduced

intheentireworld.

esspecificprotein,the

interferonproducer

words,totreathumanbeings,gisproduced

ately,itissopotentthattheamountgiveneach

patientperinjectionisverysmall.

Unlikeantibiotics,d,itmakesunaffectedcells

resistanttoinfection,andpreventthemultiplicationofviruswithincells.

Asyoumightconclude,oneofthemostdramaticusofinterferonhasbeeninthetreatmentof

rander,archphysicianatSweden'sfamousKarolinskaInstitute,hastreatedmore

groupoflectedpatientswhohadundergone

surgicalpceduresforadvancedcancer,halfweregivenconventionaltreatmentandtheotherhalfwere

vivalrateovethree-yearperiodwas70percentamongthowhoweretreated

withinterferonascomparedwithonly10to30percentamongthowhohadreceivedtheconventional

treatments.

IntheUnitedStates,alarge-scaleprojectsupportedbyAmericanCancerSocietyisnowunderway.

Iftheexperimentissuccessful,interferoncouldbecomeoneofthegreatestmedicaldiscoveriesour

time.

thedifferencebetweenantibioticsandinterferon?

eronhasrioussideeffects,whereasantibioticsdonot.

eronisavailableinlargesupply,whereasantibioticsnot.

oticsareverypotent,whileinterferonisnot.

oticskillgermsbyattackingthemdirectly,whileinterferondoesnot.

fectdoesinterferonhaveoninfection?

okesanegativereaction.

shealthycellsfrombecominginfected.

eshealthycellstogrow.

cksvirus.

eronisproducedby.

ingvirus,bacteria,andtumorswithadrug

ingproteinswithavirus

ingwhitebloodcellswithavirus

ingviruswithproteins

eronhasnotbeenmorewidelyudbecauitis.

erydangerous

availableintheUnitedStates

ulttoproduceinlargequantities

ectiveinhumanbeings

er'xperimentswithinterferon?

thepatientswhoreceivedinterferonreactedfavorably.

ndofthreeyears,allofthepatientswhohadnotreceivedinterferonhaddied.

thepatientswhoreceivedinterferonalsoneededconventionaltreatments.

thepatientswhoreceivedinterferonwerestillaliveafterthreeyears.

四、汉译英

71.由于他的愚蠢，这项工作将会迟迟得不到解决。

72.他加工资的要求被回绝了，他很失望，想放弃那工作了。

73.在他们充满敌意的凝视下，杰克振作起来，走进书房，坐在椅子上看书。

74.新的艰巨的任务使他潜在的才智得以充分发挥。

75.这个她不会看不见，只是故意不去理会罢了。

五、英译汉

periment,Ihavequestionedhundredsoflongstandingaboutthecoloroftheirwives'eyes,

andoftentheyexpresmbarrasdconfusionandadmittheydonotknow.

e

gback,itstrikesmethatmychildhoodandmyearlyyouthwereonelongbattle

againstfear.

sonaldiscontentdoesnotordinarilyextendtoanycriticalquestioningofthegeneral

situationinwhichwefindourlves.

hownyoutherichfuturethatshouldgrowoutoftheverydiscoveriesthatpeopledread

most-nuclearenergy,automation,andbiologicaladvance.

rrigationwasintroducedtomakeharvestmoredependable,itmeanttheformationofalarge

politicalunit,thesocialtyrannyofaking,anaristocracy,apriesthood.