国际音标(英语语音)
元音
单元音
前元音[i:][i][e][æ]
中元音[ʌ][ə:][ə]
后元音[u:][u][ɔ:][ɔ][a:]
双元音
开合双元音[ei][ai][ɔi][əu][au]
集中双元音[iə][εə][uə]
辅音
爆破音
清辅音[p][t][k]
浊辅音[b][d][g]
摩擦音
清辅音[f][s][ʃ][θ][h]
浊辅音[v][z][ʒ][ð]
破擦音
清辅音[tʃ][tr][ts]
浊辅音[dʒ][dr][dz]
鼻音(浊辅音)[m][n][ŋ]
舌则音(浊辅音)[l][r]
半元音(浊辅音)[w][j]
*清音,即全体清辅音;浊音,即全体元音和全体辅音
*[ŋ]又叫长鼻音或者后鼻音
元音汉语注音(仅供参考)d的
i:衣~k克
i衣g各
e碍
嘴张小
点
f父
æ哎
嘴张大
点
v
午
)
ʌ
阿s丝
ə:鹅~z子
ə
鹅
ʃ
西
u:唔~
ʒ
衣
u唔θ嘶舌抵上齿
ɔ:哦~ð嗞舌抵上齿
ɔ
哦h喝
a:啊~tʃ吃
ei字母A的音dʒ知
ai字母I的音tr戳
ɔi单词boy的尾音dr捉
əu字母O的音ts次
au傲单词cow的尾音dz字
iə衣-饿单词ear的音m姆
εə哎-饿单词air的音n呢
uə乌-饿单词sure的尾音ŋ嗯~类似牛叫
辅音汉语注音(仅供参考)l勒(元音前);尔(词
尾)
p活泼(无)r略(元音前)
b搏斗(无)w生活(无)
t特j叶子(无)
/i:/bee/bi:/feet/fi:t/keep/ki:p/key/ki:/team/ti:m/meet/mi:t/
/i/it/it/big/big/city/siti/give/giv/sick/sik/
/e/get/get/best/best/text/tekst/help/help/
/æ/fat/fæt/have/hæv/cat/kæt/back/bæk/hat/hæt/
/a:/laugh/la:f/glass/gla:s/half/ha:f/farm/fa:m/park/pa:k/
/ɔ:/hor/hɔ:s/saw/sɔ:/corn/kɔ:n/cour/kɔ:s/salt/sɔ:t/
/ɔ/dog/dɔg/pot/pɔt/cost/kɔst/what/wɔt/honest/′ɔnist/
/u:/food/fu:d/moon/mu:n/rule/ru:l/loo/lu:s/noon/nu:n/
/u/book/buk/put/put/good/gud/would/wud/could/kud/
/ʌ/must/mʌst/does/dʌz/money/′mʌni/ugly/′ʌgli/come/kʌm/
/ə:/nur/nə:s/bird/bə:d/burn/bə:n/turn/tə:n/girl/gə:l/
/ə/better/betə/never/nevə/worker/wə:kə/welcome/welkəm/
/ei/may/mei/name/neim/game/geim/eight/eit/age/eidʒ/
/əu/no/nəu/home/həum/hope/həup/wrote/rəut/note/nəut/po/pəuz/
/ai/eye/ai/time/taim/buy/bai/right/rait/bike/baik/kite/kait/
/au/now/nau/out/aut/how/hau/about/ə′baut/south/sauθ/hou/haus/
/ɔi/boy/bɔi/toy/tɔi/noi/nɔiz/voice/vɔis/point/pɔint/
/iə/ear/iə/near/niə/idea/ai′diə/hear/hiə/mere/miə/spear/spiə/
/εə/air/εə/tear/tεə/care/kεə/dare/dεə/fair/fεə/there/ðεə/
/uə/tour/tuə/poor/puə/sure/ʃuə/moor/muə/(停泊)your/juə/
/p/pea/pi:/pie/pai/top/tɔp/cap/kæp/people/pi:pl/pride/praid/
/b/bee/bi:/by/bai/buy/bai/black/blæk/bear/bεə/
/t/let/let/sat/sæt/feet/fi:t/team/ti:m/tide/taid/
/d/led/led/sad/sæd/feed/fi:d/do/du:/dear/diə/
/k/lack/læk/take/teik/clock/klɔk/class/kla:s/weekend/′wi:kend/
/g/big/big/lag/læg/glass/gla:s/gum/gʌm/good/gud/guest/gest/
/f/face/feis/fast/fa:st/leaf/li:f/surf/sə:f/favorite/′feivərit/
/v/very/′veri/five/faiv/fever/′fi:və/rve/sə:v/never/′nevə/
/θ/bath/ba:θ/(v洗澡)thick/θik/mouth/mauθ/breath/breθ/(n呼吸)
/ð/the/ðə/they/ðei/that/ðæt/mother/′mʌðə/thus/ðʌs/then/ðen/
/s/face/feis/mou/maus/cakes/keiks/caps/kæps/likes/laiks/
/z/clo/kləuz/keys/ki:z/boys/bɔiz/pens/penz/halves/ha:vz/
/tʃ/catch/kætʃ/cheep/tʃi:p/rich/ritʃ/watch/wtʃ/child/tʃaild/
/dʒ/orange/′ɔridʒ/large/la:dʒ/juice/dʒu:s/job/dʒɔb/
/tr/tree/tri:/try/trai/true/tru:/trouble/traubl/track/træk/
/dr/dry/drai/dream/dri:m/dress/dres/drink/driŋk/hundred/′hʌndrid/
/ʃ/she/ʃi:/sharp/ʃa:p/fish/fiʃ/shock/ʃɔk/shoe/ʃu:/
/ʒ/pleasure/′pleʒə/measure/′meʒə/television/′teliviʒən/
/ts/let′s/lets/sports/spɔ:ts/puts/puts/writes/raits/ats/si:ts/
/dz/hands/hændz/birds/bə:dz/friends/freindz/beds/bedz/
/h/he/hi:/hard/ha:d/him/him/heard/hə:d/half/ha:f/
/l/like/laik/late/leit/learn/lə:n/lead/li:d/light/lait/
/m/my/mai/more/mɔ:/em/si:m/meat/mi:t/mind/maind/men/men/
/n/nice/nais/wind/waind/mind/maind/rain/rein/fine/fain/
/ŋ/sing/siŋ/wing/wiŋ/ring/riŋ/long/lɔŋ/beautiful/bju:təfl/
/j/you/ju:/few/fju:/yard/ja:d/music/′mju:zik/student/′stju:dnt/
/w/work/wə:k/way/wei/well/wel/what/wɔt/twelve/twelv/twin/twin/
/r/red/red/road/rəud/write/rait/wrong/rɔŋ/problem/′prɔbləm/
附:常见的字母与字母组合发音规则
元音字母及元音字母组合拼读规则
元音字母的发音
元音字母a
重读开音节[ei]paper;late;make;lake;face
重读闭音节[æ]bag;fat;cat;ladder;mass
(*例外:any一些[e];many许多[e])
非重读音节[ə]或[i]
即:[ə]——ago;along;among;above;aloud
[i]——comrade;village;manager;palace;private;necklace
*连续相同的辅音(字母),一般只发一个音,而且归属
后一个音节段。如上的ladder,village.
4.在字母w或wh后面,发[ɔ]was;wash;what;want;
(*例外:water水[ɔ:])
5.a在诸如-ance;-ask;-ass;-ast;-ath组合里,重读时均发[a:]
即:dance;France;chance
ask;mask;task;basket
class;grass;glass;pass;——(*例外:mass[æ])
fast;cast;past;last;master;
father;path;bath;——(*例外:maths[æ])
(二)元音字母e
1.重读开音节[i:]me;he;she;the;evening
2.重读闭音节[e]hen;get;t;tell;echo
3.非重读音节[i]uless;ticket;basket;pocket;before;below;
(三)元音字母i或y
1.重读开音节[ai]China;try;my;hi;time;guide;
2.重读闭音节[i]sit;hit;ill;little;system;
3.非重读音节[i]unit;study
(四)元音字母o
1.重读开音节[əu]no;so;go;home;photo;
2.重读闭音节[ɔ]not;hot;box;fox;cock;cost;
3.非重读音节[ə]purpo;concern
4.o在字母m,n,v或th之前,均发[ʌ]
son;month;come;ton;(*例外:Tom[ɔ])
love;dove;glove;above;another
mother;brother;become;some
5.两个单词:woman[‘wu-mən]女人(单数);women[‘wi-min]女人(复数)
(五)元音字母u
1.重读开音节[ju:]pupil;student;u;cube
2.重读闭音节[ʌ]或[u]
即:[ʌ]——cut;luck;umbrella;us
[u]——put;full;pull
非重读音节[ə]autumn;August;support
●元音字母组合的拼读规则
(一)元音字母a的字母组合
或ay在重读音节中[ei]rain;train;brain;pain
day;may;play;stay;lay
*ay在非重读音里[i]或[ei]Sunday;Monday;Tuesday;Thursday;Friday
+绝大多数辅音字母[ɔ:]small;wall;call;talk;walk;chalk
或[ɔ:l]also;always
*al后面是k时,只发[ɔ:]
al+f或m时,al发[a:]half;calm
-al在词尾非重读[(ə)l]medal;metal;(例外canal运河,重音在后[æl])
3.-ance在重读时[a:ns]chance;dance;France
在非重读时[əns]importance;performance;ambulance
4.-ant非重读[ənt]assistant;important;peasant
5.-ange一般[eindʒ]change;danger;strange;(*但orange[indʒ])
6.-age一般[idʒ]village;carriage;marriage
7.-ask一般重读时[a:sk]ask;mask;task;basket
8.-ass一般重读时[a:s]class;glass;grass;pass;(*但mass[æ])
9.-ast一般重读时[a:st]last;past;fast;cast
-aste一般[eist]waste;paste;taste
10.-ath一般[a:θ]bath;path;(*但maths[æθ])
或[a:ð]father;rather;(*但gather[æð])
11.-au一般[ɔ:]cau;autumn;August;(*但becau[ɔ])
-augh(t)[ɔ:(t)]caught;taught;daughter
(*例外:laugh[la:f])
12.-aw[ɔ:]draw;saw;law;awful
13.a在字母w或wh后面,a发[ɔ]
was;wash;want;what;(*但water[ɔ:])
14.-ar重读音时[a:]party;car;farm;army;yard;hard;star
在字母w或音[w]后面时[ɔ:]war;warm;warn;towards;*quarter
在非重读音时[-ə]beggar;dollar;solar
15.-are一般[-εə]hare;bare;dare;stare;rare;care;parent
16.-air一般[-εə]chair;fair;hair;pair;stair;repair
17.-able一般[eibl]able;cable;table;stable
(二)元音字母e的组合
1.-ea重读音节有四个音,分别是下列:
-ea[i:]team;meat;lead;teach;read;mean;plea;steal
-ea[e]threat;bread;meant;read(过去式和过去分词);peasant
-ea[iə]real;really
-ea[ei]great;break
2.-ee[i:]feel;week;keep;three;steel;street;sweep;e
*但是一个例外:coffee[i]
3.-eer[iə]deer;pioneer;engineer;volunteer
4.-er重读音节[ə:]her;term;rvice;Germany
非重读[ə]worker;paper;western;teacher
特殊读法[a:]clerk
5.-ere[iə]here;mere
-ere或者发[εə]there;where
6.-ear有三种音,分别是:
-ear[iə]ear;dear;near;clear;tear(n.);beard
-ear[ə:]early;earth;learn;heard
-ear[a:]heart
*tear作为动词时,发[εə]
7.-ei[ei]eight;weigh;weight
-ei[ai]height
-ei[i:]receive
8.-ey重读[ei]they;hey;survey
-ey重读[i:]key
-ey非重读[i]monkey;donkey;valley;volleyball
*-et非重读[it]pocket;ticket;rocket
9.-ew一般[ju:]new;few;knew
-ew或者发[u:]grew;threw
-ew还可以发[əu]w
10.-ege[idʒ]college
11.-est[ist]biggest;modest;happiest;
12.词尾的-ed在浊音后[d]lived;studied
-ed在清音后[t]worked;finished
-ed在字母t或d后[id]wanted;needed
(三)元音字母i或y的组合
1.-ie在重读音节中,或在辅音字母前,发[i:]field;piece;achieve
-ie在词尾[ai]lie;die;tie
2.-igh(t)在重读音节[ai(t)]high;night;light;bright
3.-ir在重读音节[ə:]girl;firm;circle;first;third
4.-ire在重读音节[‘aiə]fire;tired;hire;retired;wire
5.-ild[aild]child;wild
6.-ind[aind]find;kind;mind;wind;(*但window[ind])
7.-ing[iŋ]king;wing;sing;doing;making
8.-(a)tion[(ei)ʃn]nation;pronunciation;information;composition
-stion[tʃn]question
-sion[ʃn]或[ʒn]mission使命;precision精密
9.-ye在词尾[ai]good-bye;bye-bye
10.-ist[ist]list;fist;
(四)元音字母o的组合
1.-oa在重音时[əu]boat;coat;road;goat;toad
-oar在重音时[ɔ:]blackboard;aboard
2.-oi,-oy在重音时[ɔi]boiler;point;join;oil
boy;toy;joy;loyal
3.-oo一般[u:]soon;too;zoo;room;noon;food;mood;boot;moon
*单词room和其他名词构成合成词时,常发短音。如classroom[u]„等等。
在字母k或有时在t,d之前时[u]cook;look;book;took;foot;good;
4.-or在重音时[ɔ:]for;hor;important;morning;born
-or在字母w后面[ə:]work;word;world;wor;worth
(*但是wore,worn例外,均发[ɔ:])
-or在非重音时[ə]monitor;doctor;professor;forget;
forwards;forgive;conductor
5.-oar一般[ɔ:]board;aboard;blackboard
6.-oor一般[ɔ:]或在美式英语里发[ɔə]door;floor
-oor还发[uə]poor
7.-ore在重音时[ɔ:]snore;more;before;foreign;forest
8.-ou一般[au]shout;loud;round;found
-ou还发[ʌ]country;countryside;trouble
-ou还发[u:]wound;wounded
9.-ough(t)发[ɔ:(t)]ought;brought;bought;fought;thought
(*例外:cough[kɔf])
10.-oe[əu]toe;hoe;Joe
11.-old[əuld]old;hold;cold;told
12.-ost[əust]post;most;host;ghost(*例外cost[ɔst])
13.-our在重音时[au]sour;our;hour;
还发[ɔ:]four;cour;pour
还发[uə]tour;gourd
-our在词尾(非重音)[ə]colour;neighbour;favourite
14.-ow在重音时[au]now;cow;down;how;town
-ow在重音或非重音中[əu]low;yellow;below;follow;grow
tomorrow;window;widow;know;show
(五)元音字母u的组合
1.-u在字母ll或sh之前,或者在字母b,p或f之后,均发[u]
如:full;bull;pull;push;bush
字母l,r或j+u构成的开音节,u发[u:]rule;true;blue;June
2.-ue在词尾[ju:]argue;continue
3.-ui在字母j或r后面时,发[u:]fruit;juice
-ui在字母b或g后面,或者紧接重音节后面的一个音节时发[i]
如:build;guilty;biscuit
(*即就是说字母u不发音)
4.-ur在重音时[ə:]turn;return;Thursday;nur;pur
在非重音时[ə]surpri;Saturday
-ure在重音时[(j)uə]pure[juə];manure[juə];sure[uə]
-ture发[tʃə]picture;future;mixture
(II)●辅音字母及辅音字母组合的拼读规则
辅音字母一般都发字母本身音,只有一些是特殊的,下面试列举如下:
1.b在一般情况下[b]back;big;lab;brother
b和u在一起,u常发[i]building;build;busy
-bt一般[t]debt;doubt
2.c在字母e,i或y前面时[s]city;Bruce;juice;bicycle;face;central
c在字母a,o或u,或者在辅音字母前[k]cup;cold;cattle;duck;
bicycle;cap;cut;class;
c在词尾时也发[k],但后面有e,那还发[s]gymnastic[k];music[k]
grace[s];Bruce[s]
-cc在元音字母a,o,u和辅音字母之前[k]occasion;according;occupy;acclaim
在元音字母e和i之前[ks]accent;success
-ci有时发[ʃ]social
-ch有三种音[tʃ][k]或[ʃ]如下:
[tʃ]China;rich;chick;chalk
[k]school;chemist;chemistry;chemical;ache;technology
[ʃ]machine;parachute;moustache
-tch[tʃ]catch;match;fetch;hatch;butcher
-ck[k]duck;luck;ticket;pocket;black;cock
3.d在一般情况下[d]did;made;desk;duck;doubt;damage
-ds发[dz]birds;hands
dr在元音字母前[dr]dry;dress;driver;drill
-dge一般[dʒ]bridge;fridge;judge;edge
4.f在一般情况下[f]five;flag;life;leaf
5.g在字母e,i或y前面[dʒ]large;general;gymnastics;age;energy
*例外:give;forgive;get;forget等,g都发[g]
在字母a,o或u,或者在辅音字母前[g]goat;game;guard;ghost;glass
在词尾也发[g]big;egg;fig;flag
-gn[n],即g不发音foreign;sign;gnaw
-gh发[f]或[-](*既不发音)[-]high;thought;light;brought
[f]laugh;cough
-dge发[dʒ]bridge;knowledge;judge
*gue-,gua-和gui-在词首时一般u都不发音guess;guest;guard;guide
而-gue在词尾发[g]league;colleague
6.h在一般情况下[h]help;behave;hello;hit;hurry
h在字母r或x后面不发音rhino;exhibition
7.j在一般情况下[dʒ]joy;judge;injure;journey;January;jar;just
8.k在一般情况下[k]king;milk;kick;kiss;lock;knock
k后面是n时,k不发音,即kn发[n]knock;knee;know;knowledge;knife
9.l在元音字母前发[l](*即“勒”音,供参考)light;look;let;lab;live
l在辅音字母或词尾时发[l](*即“尔”音,供参考)cold;ll;chalk
10.m在一般情况下[m]meet;meat;mother;come;make;Tom
m后面是b时,b不发音,即-mb发[m]comb;tomb;climb;bomber
11.n在一般情况下[n]in;now;next;ton;nest
n在m后面时,n常不发音,即-mn发[m]autumn;column
但后面有后缀或构成合成词,则n还要发音的autumnal;columnist
-ng常发[ŋ]或[ŋg]发[ŋ]sing;king;English;young
发[ŋg]finger;younger;language
-nk常发[ŋk]bank;sink;sank;sunk;ink;thank
12.p在一般情况下[p]map;cap;people;pest
-ph[f]photo;phantom;philosophy;physics;phra
在一般情况下[k]unique;cheque
qu一般发[kw]quarter;quick;quilt;quiet;quite;queen
14.r在元音字母前才发音[r](*即音同“略”供参考)room;read;rest;around
r在辅音字母或词尾前,一般不发音car;star;jar
rh在元音字母前只发[r]rhyme;rhino;rhetoric
15.s在词首和词尾、清辅音之前或之后,或者在词尾同时在短元音之后,一般发[s]
如:e;some;t;sister;works;lips;newspaper;yes;this
注:一条发音习惯,欧美人在发[s]音后面的清辅音时,习惯上把该清辅音发成相对应的
浊辅音(而书写音标的时候,还是写成清辅音),试举例如下:
如:school---音标[sku:l],而习惯念成[sgu:l]
street---音标[stri:t],而习惯念成[sdri:t]
stubborn---音标[‘stʌbn],而习惯念成[‘sdʌbn]
student---音标[‘stju:dənt],而习惯念成[‘sdju:dənt]
space---音标[speis],而习惯念成[sbeis]
steal---音标[sti:l],而习惯念成[sdi:l]
就是这样,像这样的单词还有很多。这里只列举这么多了。
s在两个元音之间或者在浊辅音和元音之间时,发[z]
如:the;no;lo;ri;wisdom;obrve
词尾的s在浊辅音或元音之后(即在浊音之后),发[z]
如:pigs;plays;flags;eggs;toys;boys
词尾的s在长元音之后,发[z]hers;yours
s还可以发[ʃ]sure;Russia
-sh一般发[ʃ]sheep;ship;wish;show;shift;fish
-sch一般情况下[sk]school;scheme(计划)
-sion一般情况下[ʃn]tension;succession
在元音字母后[ʒn]decision;conclusion
-sure在元音字母后[ʒə]measure;pleasure
16..t在一般情况下[t]tooth;cat;teach;tool;hit
cut;let;ten;table;taste;
-th一般发[θ]或[ð],即发[θ]thin;tooth;youth;think;thigh
发[ð]that;with;this;the;tho
-tr[tr]try;trust;trip;trouble;tree;street
-tion[ʃn]information;organization;pronunciation;production
(*一个例外:question[tʃn])
-ture[tʃə]picture;mixture;future
17.v在一般情况下[v]very;live;vehicle;va;valley;village
18.w在元音字母之前[w]wear;window;widow;week;weak;wisdom
wr[r]write;wrong;wrist;written
wh[h]who;whom;who;whole
wh[w]what;which;when;where;why
aw[ɔ:]draw;saw;law;lawyer;awful
ew[ju:]few;threw;grew;knew;new
ow[əu]own;owner;low;slow;know;below
ow[au]now;cow;crown
19.x在一般情况下[ks]box;fox;next;textile
位于元音字母之前且重音落在后一个音节上时,发[gz]exam;exist;anxiety
20.y在元音字母之前[j]you;youth;yes;young
21.z在一般情况下[z]zoo;quiz;zebra;zero;zipper
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