干扰英文

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高考英语阅读理解专题复习

—英语阅读理解正确选项与干扰选项的特点

第一节正确选项往往是根据原文的词或句进行语意转换

一般来说,阅读理解测试中要求找出主要事实或特定细节的问题,在文章中均可找到回答。但

是,需要注意的是,这些问题的表述常常不是采用文章中的原话,而是根据原文的词或句进行语

意转换。

一、利用原文词句的同义词句或相似结构，转换表达形式。

【考例1】

Shrilkhasgreatpotential,alsfromwhichitismadeareplentifulinnature,

foundineverythingrangingfromshrimpshells,kesshrilklow

cost,anditsmassproductionpossibleshoulditbeudforproductsdemandingalotofmaterial.(2012

湖南卷C篇)

ingtotheinventors,shrilkhasgreatpotentialpartlybecau_____.

efoundinlivingthings

materialsareabundantinmature

【考例2】

“WeshowthatEasternersandWesternerslookatdifferentfacefeaturestoreadfacialexpressions,”

Jacksaid.“Westernerslookattheeyesandthemouthinequalmeasure,whereasEasternersfavorthe

eyesandneglect(忽略)themouth”(2010湖南卷C篇)

ThediscoveryshowsthatWesterners_______.

alattentiontotheeyesandthemouth

erfacialexpressionsuniversallyreliable

etheeyesandthemouthindifferentways

redifficultyinrecognizingfacialexpressions

二、利用原文词句的反义词或相反结构，转换表达形式。

【考例3】Yetdespitethat,ingto

statisticsin199723%saidtheydidn’2003,35%und6%ofchildren

leaveprimaryschooleachyearunabletoreadproperly.（2007山东B）

Statisticssuggestedthat_______.

beroftopstudentsincreadwiththeuofcomputers

asingnumberofchildrenshowedinterestinreading

ityofprimacyschoolchildrenreadproperly

ercentageofchildrenreadregularly

【考例4】WhenIputonmyflashlights,Iwassayingtootherdrivers,“

weakanddoingthebestIcan.”Andeveryoneunderstood.…insteadofgettingimpatientandangry,

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theywaited,knowingthedriverinfrontofthemwasinsomewayweak.(2011广东卷A)

Whatdidtheotherdriversdowhentheysawtheflashlights?

itedwithpatience.

tontheirflashlightstoo.

三、通过词性变化，转换表达的形式

【考例5】ZackHocking,theheadofChildTrustFunds,said:“It’spossiblethatonegoodthingto

arifromthedownturnwillbeagenerationthat’sfinanciallywirandbetterequippedtomanagetheir

moneythroughtimesofeconomicuncertainty.”（2009山东D）

AccordingtoHocking,theglobaleconomiccrisismightmaketheyoungsters.

cesstobetterequipment

sinChildTrustFunds

四、使用原文的词句的上下义结构，转换表达形式。

【考例6】Universityapplicationsro7%lastyear,buttherewererisaboveaverageinveral

gsawa15%jump,withpeople’srenewedinterestincareersinthepubicctor(部门),

whichareenasmorecureineconomiccrisis.(2009山东D)

Careersinthepublicctoraremoreattractivebecauoftheir_____.

reputation

第二节英语阅读理解干扰项的设置特点分析

通过分析干扰项的设置特点可以为我们提供思考的方向。常用的干扰手段有哪些。干扰项的如下

特点：

(一)偷梁换柱。干扰项用了与原文相似的句型结构和大部分相似的词汇，却在不易引人注意的地

方换了几个词汇，造成句意的改变。

【考例1】

(2011湖南卷A篇)Whenfirstentered,VanakRestaurantdoesnotlooklikemuchofarestaurant,but

oncethepleasantsmellsofkabob（烤肉串）hitthens,youareincapableofcallingitanythingless.

Ownedbyalocalcouple,thisPersianrestauranthasaninviting,homelikeatmospherethat

Manyrestaurantslack.

Thespaceissmallwithonlyafewdiningtablesandnearlynodecoration,butenvironmentistruly

charming.

rstenteringtherestaurant,onecanfindthat.

asantsmellsofkabobs

ikeacommonrestaurant

【考例2】

(2011湖南卷A篇)AcommonsightisthatofoldPersianmensittinginthecornertalkingloudlyabout

worldtopics,watchingnewventsonTV,drinkingablackteaknownasPersianchai,andreadinglocal

Persiannewspapersallthewhiletryingtofinishofftheirplatespiledwithfood..

tivityisalsomentionedapartfromdiningintherestaurant?

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ngakindofblackcoffee.

singworldtopicsinlowvoices.

(二)在推理判断中利用词的表面意义来设置干扰

推理判断要求在理解原文表面信息的基础上，做出一定的判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐

含意义，要注意不能以文字的表面含义代替推理。

【考例1】

（2010湖南卷B）Butshehasn'ook,shedescribesthat

awfulday,almost40yearsago,,shehadlost

thebabyshewascarrying,andcond,ldlikeact,sheleftthe

hospitalandtreatedherlftoaboxofdoughnuts(甜甜圈).Yearswouldpassbeforesherealizedshe

hadtogrowup—again—andtakecontrolofherdiabetes,endidshekick

herthree-pack-a-daycigarettehabit,overcomeheraddictiontoalcohol,andbegintofollowabalanced

diet.

WhenMaryreceivedthelife-changingnews,she_________.

balanceddiet

dinanadultway

【考例2】

…McKay’swarrecordsweredestroyedduringaWorldWarIIairbombingonLondon—anexplanation

forwhyhewasallbutforgotten.

Butnow,thankstotheeffortsofBroadandhisstudents,amarkerinMcKay’smemorywasplaced

ontheuniversitygroundsinNovember2007.“IfoundmyeyesfillingwithtearsasIreadtheword

‘decead’(阵亡)nexttohisname,”saidCoreyEverrett,astudentwhofoundapictureofMckayinhis

uniform.“Thiswassuchasimpleexampleofthefactthathehadbeenastudentjustlikeus,butinstead

offinishinghistimeatWestern,hechotofightanddieforhiscountry.”(2009湖南卷)

WecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthatMcKay________.

warbeforegraduation

xampleforhisfellowstudents

【考例3】

(2009湖北)Afewyearsago,PaulGernerbegantogatheragroupofarchitectsinLasvegastoaskthem

whatitwouldtaketodesignapublicschoolthatud50percentlesnergy,costmuchlesstobuildand

obviouslyimprovedstudentlearning.”Ithinkhalfofthemfellofftheirchairs,”Gernersays.

HowdidthearchitectsreacttoGarner’sdesignrequirements?

owedstrongdisbelief.

rstintocheers.

【考例4】

gdown,Iimmediately

recognizedthatsomethingwaswrong,sawMaShwe

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withherthree-month-oldcalfstrugglinginthefast-risingwater,anditwasalife-and-deathstruggle.

Hercalfwasfloatingandscreamingwithfear.……Thenwithahugeeffort,shepickeditupinher

trunkandtrieduntilshewasabletoplacethecalfonanarrowshelfofrock.

Justatthismoment,erecarrieddown,itwouldbecertaindeath.I

knew,aswellasshedid,thattherewasonespotwhereshecouldgetupthebank,butitwasontheother

sidefromwhereshehadputhercalf.

WhileIwaswonderingwhatIcoulddonext,Iheardthesoundofamother’had

crosdtheriverandgotupthebankandwasmakingherwaybackasfastasshecould,roaring(吼叫)

allthetime,buttohercalfitwasmusic.(2009宁夏)

Howdidthecalffeelaboutthemotherelephant'sroaring?

signofdanger.

musicalnote.

（三）以偏概全。把文章中的事实和细节当主旨，把片面的、次要的观点当成主要观点。在猜测

文章或段落大意、标题以及释义题中，干扰项总是以偏概全，具体表现为:(1)把文章中的次要观

点、细节混进体现文章主要观点、中心思想的选项(2)把超过文章讨论的东西亦作为归纳或结

论混进选项。（3）把段落的主旨当作文章的主旨。

【考例1】

lledthelawofsupplyand

meanstheamountof,oraccessto,reprentsthenumberof

earemoregoodsthanwanted,ther

hand,ifthedemandforthogoodsismuchgreaterthanthesupply,

manufacturersprefertollmoregoodsatincreadprices.

ThemainpurpoofthisParagraphistotellusthat_______.

upplyandDemand

ods,oods,HigherPrices

【考例2】

Thersocial

positionscanbesymbolizedbyfeatherswornonthehead,bygoldonthewatchchain,orbyathousand

otherthingsaccordingtotheculturewelivein,sothefactofbeinghungrycanbesymbolizedbya

thousanddifferentnoisaccordingtotheculturewelivein.(2005北京D)

WhatcanweconcludefromParagraph2?

entnoimaymeandifferentthings.

turedetermineswhatasymbolstandsfor.

guageweusymbolizesoursocialpositions.

ialpositionsdeterminethewaywearedresd.

【考例3】

sFrench

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humoristoncesaidthatthisisbecautheEnglishinsistonbehavinglikechildrenalltheirlives.

Whereveryougointhiscountry,youwillebothchildrenandgrown-upsknockingaballaboutwitha

stickorsomething,asifinBritainmenshallalwaysremainboysandwomengirls!Still,itcanneverbe

badtogetexerci,canit?

ThemainpurpoofParagraph1istotellusthattheEnglish_______.

likechildren

youngbygettingexerci

(四)张冠李戴。把一个事物的特征说成是另一个事物的特征，因果倒置(把因说成果，把果说成因)；

把他人的观点说成是作者的观点。命题者把文章作者的观点与他人的观点混淆起来，题干问的是

作者的观点，选项中出现的却是他人的观点；或者题干问的是他人的观点，却把作者的观点放到

选项中去。

【考例1】

Manyyearsago，whenIwasfreshoutofschoolandworkinginDenver，Iwasdrivingtomyparents’

edatagasstation(加油站)about50milesfromOklahomaCity，

wasstandinginlineatthecashregister(收款台),

Isaidhellotoanoldercouplewhowerealsopayingforgas.(2006全国A)

TheauthorplannedtostopatOklahomaCity________.

isparents

moregasforhiscar

【考例2】

Asthepaperburns,itneedsoxygenandusuptheoxygen（air）actsasaalin

theneckofthebottle,

airpressuremustequalize,sideairpressure

againsttheeggandthentheeggispushedintothebottle!Theprovesthatairisallaroundandthatitis

pressingdownonit.

Intheexperiment,theburninginsidethebottlecan_________.

ealintheneckofthebottle

emoreoxygeninsidethebottle

【考例3】

Onefamoussurgeonalwaysmadeitaruletospendatleast15minutesongeneralreadingbeforehe

youcannotkeeptothiskindofdiscipline,itisagoodideatomakesureyoualwayshaveageneral

’tforgetitshouldbeabookwhichentertainsyouandtheEnglishmust

notbetoodifficultforyou.

ThefamoussurgeonmentionedinthefirstParagraphexemplifiesthepeoplewho____.

2:ay

hehabitofdoingregularreadingeverydaynomatterhowbusytheyare

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haveaninterestingbookintheirpockets

allygotobedlate

【考例4】

AyearagoAugust,

wife,Gerrie,wasstillworkinginthelocalschoolcafeteria,butworkforDavewasscarce,andtheprice

swereatriskofjoiningthemillionsofAmericanswhohavelost

veandGerriereceivedatimelygift—＄7,000，alegacy(遗产)from

theirneighborsIshandArleneHatch,whodiedinanaccident.“Itreallymadeadifferencewhenwe

weregoingunderfinancially.”saysDave.(2009山东A)

Accordinggothetext,theFuss__________.

financialdifficulty

eirhome

【考例5】

’vestudiedtheeffectofstatetaxincreasfor

years,findingthatsmokers,especiallyteens,tashocktotheindustry,which

fiercelyfightverytaxincrea.

Theootaxes

improvepublichealth,theyraimoneyandmostparticularly,theydeterpeoplefromtakingupthehabit

asteens,rateoftaxationvarieswidely.

Whatdoestheauthorthinkisasurpri?（2009山东C）

atesstillkeepthetobaccotaxlow.

oindustryfiercelyfightsthetaxri.

（五）正反倒置

1．把事实发生的顺序颠倒

【考例1】Unlikeher1995autobiography,AfterAll,hercondbookislessaboutlifeasan

award-winningactressandmoreaboutlivingwithdiabetes(糖尿病).Allthemoneyfromthebookis

intendedfortheJuvenileDiabetesRearchFoundation(JDRF),anorganizationshervesas

internationalchairman.“Ifelttherewasaneedforabooklikethis,”shesays.“Ididn'twanttolecture,

butIwantedotherdiabeticstoknowthatthingsgetbetterwhenwe'relf-controlledanddoourpartin

managingthedia.”(2010湖南卷B)

Wecanknowthatbefore1995Mary__________.

edmanycareerawards

tedtheJDRFbywriting

2．把事物的正面影响或负面影响反过来说。

【考例2】nkey-pox,

adiausuallyfoundintheAfricanrainforest,suddenlyturnsupinchildrenintheAmericanMidwest

it’shardnottowonderofthediathatcomesfromforeignanimalsishominginonhumanbeings.

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“Mostoftheinfections（感染）wethinkofashumaninfectionsstartedinotheranimals“saysStephen

MordirectoroftheCenterforPublicHealthPreparednessatColumbiaUniversity.（2009宁夏D）

FromParagraphIwelearnthatthepetsoldattheshopmay_________.

tusfrombeinginfected

frommonkey-pox

【考例3】Asthepaperburns,itneedsoxygenandusuptheoxygen（air）acts

asaalintheneckofthebottle,ducestheairpressureinsidethe

pressuremustequalize,sideair

pressureagainsttheeggandthentheeggispushedintothebottle!Theprovesthatairisallaroundand

thatitispressingdownonit.

Intheexperiment,theburninginsidethebottlecan_________.

ealintheneckofthebottle

emoreoxygeninsidethebottle

4．因果倒置(把因说成果，把果说成因)

【考例4】lbespoiledforchoiceeveninayear

ng’swizardisnotalone:thepastdecadehasbeenaharvestfor

goodchildren’sbooks,whichhastoffalargequantityoffilmsandanincreadsalesofclassicssuch

asThelardoftheRings.(2007山东B)

WhichofthefollowingistrueofParagraph1?

ildren’sbookshavebeenadaptedfromfilms.

gh-qualitychildren’sbookshavebeenpublished.

esofclassicshaveledtothepopularityoffilms.

esofprentsforchildrenhaveincread.

【考例5】(2009安徽E)Arainforestisanareacoveredbytalltreeswiththetotalhighrainfall

spreadingquiteequallythroughtheyearandthetemperaturerarelydroppingbelowl6℃.Rainforests

haveagreateffectontheworldenvironmentbecautheycantakeinheatfromthesunandadjustthe

ttheforestcover，theareaswouldreflectmoreheatintotheatmosphere，warmingthe

therainforestsmayalsoinfluencewindandrainfallpatterns，potentially

causingcertainnaturaldisastersallovertheworld.

Rainforestscanhelptoadjusttheclimatebecauthey.

tmoreheatintotheatmosphere

bouthighrainfallthroughouttheworld

cauthetemperaturetodroplowerthanl6℃

theeffectofheatfromthesunontheearth

4．把作者观点的反面说成是作者的观点

【考例6】InatimeoflowacademicachievementbychildrenintheUnitedStates,manyAmericansare

turningtoJapan,acountryofhighacademicachievementandeconomicsuccess,forpossibleanswers.

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However,theanswersp

mostJapanepreschools,surprisinglylittleemphasisisputonacademicinstruction….

WelearnfromthefirstparagraphthatmanyAmericansbelieve__________.

parentsaremoreinvolvedinpreschooleducationthanAmericanparents

'conomicsuccessisaresultofitsscientificachievements

preschooleducationemphasizesacademicinstruction

'shighereducationissuperiortotheirs

（六）过度引申。

备选项虽然是从原文中推理引申出来的，但是却超出了文章允许的范围。考生切勿过度发挥，

一切以原文为本。

【考例1】HalRogers,ReprentativefromKentucky,likethowhoareagainsthightobacco

taxes,arguesthattheburdenofthetaxfallsonlow-incomeAmericans“whochootosmoke.”

That’strue,Butthereismorereasoninkeepingfuturegenerationsoflow-incomeworkersfrom

oday’sadults,ifthenewtaxdrivesthemtoquit,theywillhave

moretospendontheirfamilies,cuttheirriskofcancerandheartdiaandfeelbetter.

Whatcanwelearnfromthelastparagraph?(2009山东C)

taxwillbebeneficialinthelongrun.

-incomeAmericansaremorelikelytofallill.

generationswillbehookedonsmoking.

willdependmoreontheirfamilies.

【考例2】Nearlyall“speedreading”courhavea“pacing”element—sometimingdevicewhich

dothissimplybylookingat

heaverage

numberofwordsperpagefortheparticularbookyouarereading.

Apacingdeviceofareadingcourisaimedatenablingthestudentsto____.

ptheirreading

ostefficientreading

（七）用词常规含义代替文章的具体词义。

在英语语言中，许多词或短语存在多义的现象，考生如果只掌握其常用的基本词义是不够的。

在阅读实践中，更不能用已掌握的常用词义去代替偏用词义，从而导致对词或句意的误解或费解。

命题者在命制词义句意题时，就通常把要考查的词或句意的常规含义作为干扰项以麻痹考生。因

此，考生必须根据上下文推测其在特定语境下的含义。