homonyms

英语语言学名词解释总结

Chapter6Semantics

Semantics:itisgenerallydefinedasthestudyofinherenceor

intrinsicmeaning,themeaninginisolationfromthecontext.

Thenamingtheory:命名论itisOneOftheoldestnotiOnS

COnCemingmeaningpropodbyPlato,whichholdstheview

thattherelationshipbetween

linguisticformsandwhattheystandfOrisOneOfnaming.

Itsdefaults:firstly,thetheOryemsappliCabletOnOunsOnly.

SeCOndly,evenwithintheCategOryOfnOuns,therearenOuns

whiChdenOtethingsthatdOnOtexistintherealwOrldatallOr

thingsthatdOnOtrefertOphysiCalObjeCts,butabstraCt

y,sOmewOrdsmayhavedifferentmeaningsin

differentCOntextswhilethesamereferenCemayhavedifferent

namessuChas“themOrningstar”and“theeveningstar”

Theconceptualisttheory:意念论iChard

CreatedthemantictriangletOshOwtheindireCtrelatiOnship

betweensymbOlsandtheirsuppOdreferents.

Symbol:itreferstOthelinguistiCelementssuChaswOrdOr

nt:itreferstOtheObjeCtinthewOrldOf

experienCe.

Context:itreferstOwhatCOmesbefOreandafterawOrd,

phra,statement,gtOfixthemeaning;OrreferstO

tualism:情境

论、语境论JOhnFirth

Situationalcontext:itreferstOthepartiCular

spatiOtempOralsituatiOninwhiChanutteranCeOCCurs,the

mainCOmpOnentsOfwhiChinClude,apartfrOmtheplaCeand

timeOftheutteranCe,thespeakerandthehearer,theaCtiOns

theyareperfOrmingatthetime,thevariOusObjeCtsandevents

existsinthesituatiOn.

ThelinguistiCCOntext:sOmetimesknOwnasCOntext,it

inCludesawOrd'sCO-OCCurrenCeOrCOllOCatiOnwithanOther

wOrd,whiChfOrmspartOf

the“meaning”OfawOrd,and,alsOthepartOftextthat

mple,the

meaningOfthewOrd“paper”differsinthetwOCOllOCatiOns

Of“apieCeofPaPer”and“aWhitepaper”。Linguisticcon

textalsoinCIUdeSthePartoftextthatpreCedesandfOllOwsa

partiCularutteranCe.

Bloomfileddefinedthemeaningofalanguageformasth“e

situationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponitcalls

forthinthehear”erBehaviorism:行为主义itisatheoryofanimal

andhumanlearningthatonlyfocusonobjectivelyobrvable

:意义itisthe

inherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.

Reference:所指itiswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal

talSynOnymS方言同义词theyarethe

SynOnymSUSedindifferentregionaldialectssuchasliftinBritish

EnglishandelevatorinAmericanEnglish.

StyIiStiCSynOnyms:语体同义词theyaretheSynOnymS

differinginstyle,ordegreeofformality,sUchasgentleman/gUy.

AffeCtiVeSynOnymS情感同义词theyaretheSynOnymSthat

beartheSamemeaningbUtexpreSSdifferentemotionSofthe

USer,indicatingtheattitUdeSorbiaS

oftheUSertowardwhatheiStalkingaboUt,SUch

aSlike/love/admire/adore/worShip.

COllOCatiOnalSynOnymS:用于不同搭配的同义词theyare

theSynonymSdiffering

intheircollocations,suchasadoletotheunemployment/an

icallydifferentsynonyms:theyare

thesynonymsdiffering

slightlyinwhattheymean,suchascape/flee.

Polymy:多义关系itisatermudinmanticanalysisto

refertoa

lexicalitemwhichhasmorethanonemeaning.

Radiation:辐射性itisthemanticprocessinwhichthe

primarymeaningstandsatthecenterandthecondary

enation:连锁型itisthe

manticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmoves

graduallyawayfromitsprimarymeaninginsuccessionsothatthe

prentmeaningemstohavenoconnectiontotheprimary

my:同音、同形异义词thePhenomenonthat

differentwordsmaybeidenticalinsoundorspellingorinboth

iscalledhomonymy.

Homographs:同形异义theyarethewordswhichhaPPento

bethesameinsPelling,butdifferbothinsoundsandmeaning.

HOmOPhOneS同音异义theyarethewordsWhiChhappen

tobeidenticalinsound,butdifferbothinsPellingandmeaning.

Completehomonyms同音、同形异义theyarethewords

WhiChhappentobe

identicalbothinsoundandspelling,butdifferinmeaning.

Hyponymy:itreferstothenrelationbetweenamore

general,more

ncernedwith

manticinclusion.

SUPerOrdinate上座标词itreferstothewordWhiChismore

generalin

m:下义词itreferstothemorespecific

word.

Co-hyponym:itreferstohyponymofthesame

superordinate.

GradabIeantonyms:可分等级反义词theyaretheantonyms

WhiChdifferinterms

ofdegree.

Complementaryantonyms互补反义词theyarenon-gradable

antonymsWhiCharemantiCallyComplementarytoeaChother,

therefore,theydonotpermitdegreesofContrast.

COnVerSeantonyms逆反反义词theyaretheantonyms

WhiChareinterdependent,showingthereversalofarelationship

betweentwoentities.

4Sentencemeaning

Sentencemeaning:AntenCemeaningisabstraCt,Context-

independentin

ContrasttoutteranCemeaningWhiChisConCreteand

ment（包含关系）:Entailmentis

basicallyaSemanticrelation（or

logicalimpliCation）.ItreferstosomethingthatlogiCally

folloWsWhatisasrtedintheutteranCe.

Presuppositiort预设关系）：APreSUPPOSitioninSemantics

referstoWhatisassumedbythespeakerandorassumedby

himtobeknoWntothehearerbeforehemakestheutteranCe.

Inabroadern,presuppositionCanbedefinedinordinary

languageasanykindofbaCkgroundassumptionagainstWhiCh

anaCtion,theory,expressionorutteranCemakesnoris

rational.

5AnalysisofMeaning

Componentialanalysis--awaytoanalyzelexicalmeaning

TheWordmanCanbeanalyzedintoariesofmantiC

featuressuChas

[+MAN,

+ADULT,+MAN]（+meanstheprenceofafeaturewhile-

meanstheabnceofafeature）.COmPOnentialanalysis（成分

分析法）：ItisaWaypropodbyStruCturalmanticiststo

analyzewordmeaning,badonthebeliefthatthemeaningof

awordCanbeanalyzedItoariesofmeaningComponentsor

stsareusuallyprentedintermsof

+or-.ThefeaturesymbolsareusuallyWritteninCapitalized

atiOnanalysis述（谓结构分析法）awaytOanalyze

ntencemeaning

PrediCatiOn（述谓结构）：ItistheabstractionOfthe

meaningOfaSentence.

ArgUment（论元变元）:AnargumentisalogicalPartiCiPant

inaPrediCation,IargelyidenticalWiththenominalelement（s）

inantence.

PrediCate谓词）:APrediCateisSOmethingSaidaboutan

argumentoritStateSthelogicalrelationlinkingthearguments

inantence.

ChaPter7

PragmatiCS语用学

PragmatiCsstudiesthemeaningofWordsinContext,

analyzingthePartsofmeaningthatCanbeexPlainedby

knoWledgeofthePhysiCalandsoCialWorld,andthesoCio-

PsyChologiCalfaCtorsinfluenCingCommuniCation,asWellas

theknoWledgeofthetimeandPlaCeinWhiChtheWordsare

utteredorWritten.

COntext

SituationalCOnteXt情景语境）:ItisWhatSPeakerSknow

stiCCOntex:tItiS

WhathaSbeenSaidbeforeintheConverSation,the“hiStory”

ofthingSSaidSofar.

SocialCOnteXt社会语境）:ItisthegenerallyknoWIedgethat

mostpeopleCarryWiththemintheirmindS,aboutareaSoflife

andSPeCifiCandPoSSibilityPrivateknoWledgeaboutthehistory

ofthesPeakersthemlves.

Entailment

Entailment:AnentailmentissomethingthatlogiCally

folloWsfromWhatisasrtedinanutteranCe.

PresuPPOsitiOn

PresuPPosition:PresuPPositionsareimPliCationsthatare

oftenfelttobeinthebaCkground—tobeassumedbythe

sPeakertobealreadyknoWntotheaddrese.

1：言内行为LOCutiOnaryACt

ItisthebasiCandPhysiCalaCtofutteranCe,orProduCinga

tisConCernedWiththe

literalmeaning.

2：.言外行为IllOCutiOnaryACt

ThisaCtinvolvesthesPeCifiCPurPoorrealintensionthat

thesPeakershaveinmind.3：.言后行为PerlOCutiOnaryACt

ItistheaCtofanutteranCeonthehearer;itisthehearer

reaCtion.

4：.会话含义COnversatiOnalimPliCatures

,itreferstotheextrameaningnot

ContainedintheutteranCe,

understandabletothelisteneronlywhenhesharesthe

speaker'sknowledgeorknowswhyandhowheviolates

intentionallyoneofthefourmaximsoftheCP.

5：礼貌原则Politenessprinciple

Itisriesofmaxims,propodbyGeoffreyLeechasaway

ofexplaininghowpoliteness

efines

politenessasformsofbehaviorthat

theabilityof

participantsinasocialinteraction

toengageininteractioninanatmosphereofrelative

harmony.6::合作原则Cooperative

Principle

It',apragmatic

hypothesis,isaboutthatthe

participantsmustfirstofallbewillingtocooperate,

otherwi,itwouldnotbe

possibleforthemtocarryonthetalk.

合作原则的准则4MaximofCooperativePrinciple数量the

maximofQuantity你说的话应包含所需内容且不可超过内容要求

Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired;

Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanis

required质量themaximofQuality----------不要说你认为是假的

话或你缺乏足够证据的话

Donotsaywhatyoubelievetofal.

Donotsayforwhichyoulackadequateevidence关系the

maximofrelation使你的话与话题相关berelevant

方式themaximofmanner---避免模糊、歧义，应简明有序

Avoidobscurityofexpressionandambiguity;

Bebrief/beorderly.

Chapter8

:.言语社区SpeechCommunity

Itreferstoagroupofpeoplewhoformacommunityand

shareatleastonespeechvariety

aswellassimilarlinguisticnorms.

LangUageVarietieS（语言变体）：Varietyisagenericterm

foraPartiCuIarCOherent

formoflanguageinwhichspecificextralinguisticcriteriacan

beudtodefineitasa

variety.

RegiSter（语域）：itistheSitUatiOnalUSeofIanguage,a

VarietyUSedforaPartiCUIarPurPoorinaParticuIartting.

DiaIeCt：itreferstoanyregionaI,soCiaIorethniCvarietyof

aIangUage.

RegionaIdiaIeCt：itreferstotheIangUagevarietyUdina

geograPhiCaIregion..

ReCeiVedPrOnUnCiatiOn（标准发音）：ReCeiVed

PrOnUnCiationistheSUPPOSedaCCePtabIestandardized

on-IoCaIized

aCCent,whiChenjoyShighPreStigeandhaSbeComeamarker

ofUPPerCIaSS.

SOCiOleC：titreferStotheIingUiStiCVarietyCharaCteriStiC

ofaPartiCUIarSoCiaICIaSS.

It'salsocalledsocialdialect.

Genderlect:itisavarietyofspeechorconversationaludby

aparticulargender.

Hedges:hedgesarethewordswhomeaningimplicitly

involvesfuzzinessandwhojobistomakethingsfuzzierorless

fuzzy.

Fillers:fillersarethowordsorphrasthatweputinto

speechestofillthegapswhenwe'renervousorwhenweareata

lossforwords,likeum,ay'know,orsoooooo

Agedialect:thevarietiesoflanguageaccordingtoageare

ingaboutagedialect,we

aretalkingaboutthecorrelationbetweentheuofcertain

n,agedialectisa

matterofproportion.

Ethnicdialect:itisadialectudbyaracialornationalgroup.

Itismainlyspokenbyalessprivilegedpopulationthathas

experiencesomeformofsocialisolationsuchasracialto

discriminationorgregation.

Standarddialect（标准方言）：itisasuperimpod,socially

PreStigiOuSdialectOfalanguagethathasbeengiveneither

elanguageemployedbythe

governmentandudbythemassmedia,andtaughtin

educationalinstitutions,includingschoolttingwherethe

languageistaughtasaforeignorcondlanguage.

RegiSter（语域）：itreferstoVarietieSaccordingtotheUSe

ofIanguage.

Field（语场）:itreferstoWhatisgoingonandtotheareaof

OPerationoftheIanguageactivity.

TenOr（语旨）:itreferstotherelationsbetweenthe

PartiCiPants.

Mode：itreferstothemeansofcommunication.

Pidgin（洋泾浜语）：itreferstoacontactlanguagethat

arisinSitUatiOnsWheresPeakersofdifferentlanguages

cannotunderstandeachoth'rfirstlanguageornativelanguage

and,thus,needtodeveloPacommonmeansofcommunication.

PidginizatiOn:itisaProcesswhichgenerallyinvolvesthe

simPlificationofalanguageinordertocreateaPidgin.

Creoles（克利奥尔

语）：CreolesareformerPidginswhofunctionaland

grammaticallimitationsandsimplificationhavebeeneliminated

andwhichnowfunctionasfullyfledged,standardizednative

languages.

Creolization:Theprocesswherebyapidginturnsintoa

lvestheexpansionoflinguistic

systemofapidginandtheincreainthenumberofitsfunctions

indailycommunication.

LingUaFranCe(通用

语):Alinguafrancaisdefinedasalanguagewhichisud

habituallybypeoplewhomothertonguesaredifferentin

ordertofacilitatecommunicationbetweenthem.

Chapter9

DisCoUrCommUnitie:sThecommonwaysinwhich

membersofasocialgroupulanguagetomeettheirsocial

needs.

IingUiStiCdeterminism语言决定论：ItPOSitSthatlanguage

determinestheWayWethink,orinotherwords,weactuallylive

inlanguageinsteadofotherwayround

iCon:image,PictureOrrePreSentatiOn.

Sign:alinguiSticunit;ituniteSacOncePtandaSOund-

image.

Metaphor:adevicefOrSeeingSOmethingintermSOf

SOmethingelSe.

DisCoUr:ThiSterm,WithacaPitalD,cOinedbylinguiSt

JameSGee,referStOWaySOfSPeaking,readingandWriting,but

alSOOfbehaving,interacting,thinking,valuing,thatare

characteriSticOfSPecificdiScOurSecOmmunitieS.

disCoUr:ThePrOceSSOflanguageuSe,Whetheritbe

SPOken,WrittenOrPrinted,thatincludeSWriterS,textS,and

readerSWithinaSOciOculturalcOntextOfmeaningPrOductiOn

andrecePtiOn.

Charades：CharadeSiSafungametOPlayWithyOur

friendSandfamilyathOme,atPartieS