within and without

anPuritanism

itcomesfromtheAmericanpuritans,whalsin,

predestination（预言）andsalvation（拯救）,hard-working,piousness（虔诚,尽职），thrift

andsobriety（清醒）werepraid.

icism:theliteraturetermwasfirstappliedtothewritersofthe18thcenturyinEuropewhobrokeawayfromtheformalrulesofclassical

wasudinAmericanliteratureitreferredtothewritersofthemiddleofthe19thcenturywhostimulated（刺激）the

oteofthemysteriousoflife,love,anticwriterxpresdthemlves

oteallkindsofmaterials,poetry,essays,plays,fictions,history,worksoftravel,andbiography.

endentalism(先验说,超越论):isaphilosophicandliterarymovementthatflourishedinNewEngland,particularatConcord,asa

reactionagainstRationalismandCalvinism(理性主义and喀尔文主义).MainlyitstresdintuitiveunderstandingofGod,withoutthehelpof

thechurch,rentativewritersareEmersonandThoreau.

olorism:asatrendbecamedominantinAmericanliteratureinthe1860sandearly1870s，itisdefinedbyHamlinGarlandashaving

suchqualityoftextureandbackgroundthatitcouldnothavebeenwritteninanyotherplaceorbyanyoneelthananativestoriesoflocal

colorismhaveaqualityofcircumstantial(详细的)authenticity(确实性),aslocalcoloriststriedtoimmortalize(使不朽)thedistinctivenatural,

aracteristicofvernacular(本国语)languageandsatirical(讽刺的)humor

anRealism:InAmericanliterature,

mturnedfromanemphasisonthestrangetowardafaithful

renderingoftheordinary,esstheconcernforcommonplaceandthelow,anditoffersanobjective

ratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience

lism:annaturalismhadbeenshapedbythewar;bythesocialupheavals（剧

变）a‟sliterarynaturalistsdismisdthevalidityofcomfortingmoraltruths.

Theyattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,prentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasswhoweredeterminedby

ghnaturalistliteraturedescribedtheworldwithsometimesbrutalrealism,itsometimesalsoaimedat

betteringtheworldthroughsocialreform.

m（意象派）:It‟ementinsistsonthecreationof

imagesinpoetryby“thedirecttreatmentofthething”dersofthismovementwereEzraPoundandAmy

Lowell.

tgeneration：itreferstoagroupofyoungintellectuals（知识分子）whocamebackfromwar，wereinjured（受伤害）both

physically（身体上）andmentally（精神上）.Theylivedbyindulging（放任）themlvesintheBohemian（波西米亚）wayoflife.

TheirAmericandreamwasdisillusioned（破灭了）.ThebestreprentativeofthelostgenerationwasErnestHemingway.

anDream:Americandreammeansthebeliefthateveryonecansucceedaslongashe/llyimpliesa

llyframedintermsofAmericancapitalism（资本主义）,itsassociatedpurportedmeritocracy,（知识界精

华）Rights.

etheartisticcharacteristicsoftheScarletLetter?

Thenovel,astoryofrebellionwithinanemotionallyconstrictedPuritansociety,als

bothHawthorne‟ssupercraftsmanshipandthepowerfulpsyrne‟s

remarkablenofthePuritanpast,hisunderstandingofthecolonialhistoryinEngland,hisapparentpreoccupationwiththemoralissueofsinand

guilt,andhiskeedernpsychologicalinsight,Hawthorneprobed

thecretmotivationsinhumanbehaviorandtheguiltandanxietythathebelievedresultedfromallsinsagainsthumanity,especiallythoofpride.

uctureandtheg

Pearlasathematicsymbol,Hawthorneemphasizestheconquenceofthesinofadulteryhasbroughttothecommunityandpeoplelivinginthat

terAtakesondifferentlayersofsymbolicmeanings.

therelationshipbetweenAmericanromanticismandEuropeanRomanticism?

Theysharemuchincommon:inreactiontotheenlightenmentanditmphasisonreason,Romanticismstresdemotion,theimagination,and

anliterarymasters,especiallytheEnglishcounterpartxertedastimulatingimpactonthewritersofthenewWorld.

AmericanrgreatAmericanRomanticworksweretypicallyAmerican.

acedanincreasingemphasisonthefreeexpressionofemotionsanddisplayedan

ongtendencytoexalttheindividualandcommonmanwasanotherfocusofthe

movement.

m“Puritan”wasappliedtothottlerswhooriginallyweredevoutmembersoftheChurchofEngland.

dCollegewastablishedin1636,withaprintingpresstupnearlyin1639.

rk,thrift,pietyandsobriety,thewerethepuritanvaluesthatdominatedmuchoftheearlyAmericanwriting.

ricanpoetswhoemergedintheventeenthcenturyadaptedthestyleofestablishedEuropeanpoetstothesubjectmatterconfrontedin

astrange,adstreetwasoneofsuchpoets.

reetudaword“pilgrim”todescribethecommunityofbelieverswhosailedfromSouthamptonEngland,ontheMayflowerandttled

inPlymouth,Massachutts,in1620.

terwhobestexpresdthePuritanfaithinthecolonialperiodwasJohnWinthrop.

itanphilosophyknownasPuritanismwasimportantinNewEnglandduringcolonialtime,andhadaprofoundinfluenceontheearly

Americanmindforveralgenerations.

nitialperiodthespreadofideasoftheAmericanEnlightenmentwaslargelyduetojournalism.

ineditedthefirstcolonialmagazine,whichhecalledtheGreatMagazine.

in‟sbeatwritingisfoundinhismasterpieceAutobiography.

Paine,withhisnaturalgiftforpamphleteeringandrebellion,wasappropriatelybornintoanageofrevolution.

ary10,1776,Paine‟sfamouspamphletCommonSenappeared.

‟scondmostimportantworkTheRightsofManwasanimpassionedpleaagainsthereditarymonarchy.

toutstandingpoetinAmericaofthe18thcenturywasPhilipFreneau.

Freneau‟sfamouspoem“TheBritishPrisonShip”waswrittenabouthisimprisonedexperience.

FreneauwasaclofriendandpoliticalassociateofPresidentThomasJefferson.

Freneauwasconsideredasthe“poetoftheAmericanRevolution”,becauhewroteimpassionedverinsupportoftheAmerican

revolution.

respect,hereflected

ore,hehasbeencalledthe“fatherofAmericanpoetry”.

icanliterature,theeighteenthcenturywasanAgeofReasonandRevolution.

arly19thcenturyRipVanWinkleestablishedWashingtonIrving‟sreputationathomeandabroad,anddesignedthebeginningof

AmericanRomanticism.

aldoEmerson‟sfirstbookin1836NaturebroughtAmericanRomanticismintoanewpha,thephaofNewEngland

Transcendentalism.

arly19thcentury,WashingtonIrvingwroteTheSketchBookwhichbecamethefirstworkbyanAmericanwritertowinfinancialsuccess

onbothsidesoftheAtlantic.

oe‟enishisbest-knownpoem.

ilWarof1861-1865endedinthedefeatoftheSouthernersandtheabolitionofslavery.

ofGrass,eitherincontentorform,isanepoch-makingworkinAmericanliterature;itsdemocraticcontentmarkedtheshiftfrom

RomanticismtoRealism,anditsfreeverformbrokefromoldpoeticconventionstoopenanewroadforAmericanpoetry.

gtonIrvingwasregardedasthefirstgreatprostylistofAmericanRomanticism.

1823JamesFenimoreCooperwroteThePioneers,ainingfour

books:TheLastoftheMohicans,ThePrairie,ThePathfinderandTheDeerslayer,continuethestoryofNattyBumppo,oneofthemostfamous

charactersinAmericanfiction.

rtstory„TheLegendofSleepyHollow‟istakenfromWashingtonIrving‟sworknamedTheSketchBook.

gtonIrvingwasthefirstAmericantoachieveaninternationalliteraryreputationaftertheRevolutionaryWar.

lasterpieceMobyDick,hetellsastoryofwhaling

voyagewhichtsasymbolicaccountoftheconflictbetweenmanandhisfate.

stimportantAmericannovelistwasJamesFennimoreCooper.

tralfigureintheLeatherstockingTalesisNattyBumppo,whogoesbythevariousnamesofLeatherstocking,Deerlayer,Pathfinderand

Hawkeye.

33.“ToaWaterfowl”isperhapsthepeakofWilliamCullenBryant‟eencalledbyaneminentEnglishcritic“themostperfectbrief

poeminthelanguage”.

illiamCullenBryant‟smostimportantlaterworksarehistranslationsoftheIliadandtheOdysyintoEnglishblankver.

llanPoe‟spoem“TheRaven”isperhapsthebestexampleofonomatopoeiaintheEnglishlanguage.

AllanPoe‟sstoriescanberoughlydividedintotwokinds:talesofGothichorrororgrotesquelikeTheBlackCat,anincisiveenquiry

intothecapacityofthehumanmindtooriginateitsdestructionandTheFalloftheHouofUsher.

bbookWaldencameoutofThoreau‟stwo-yearexperienceatWaldenPond.

oreau‟sConcordjailexperience,camehisfamoussay“CivilDisobedience”.

1850,NathanielHawthornebroughtouthismasterpieceTheScarletLetter,thestoryofatriangleloveaffairincolonialAmerica.

Melville‟snovelMobyDickisatremendouschronicleofawhalingvoyageinpursuitofaeminglysupernaturalwhitewhale.

“IHearAmericaSinging”,WaltWhitmandepictsthebeautyoflaborandlaborers.

whole19thcenturyEmbeenacclaimedasa

poetofphilosophicalandtragicdimensions,apoetwhowasresponsivetothechallengingquestionsofman,natureandhumanconsciousness.

ricanRomanticperiodstretchesfromtheendofthe18thcenturythroughtheoutburstoftheCivilWar.

ioneers,NattyBumpporeprentstheidealAmerican,livingavirtuousandfreelifeinGod‟sworld.

inwhichHawthornewroteTheScarletLettersuggeststhatAmericanRomanticismadapteditlftoAmericanPuritanmorality.