英美文学

时间：二O二一年七月二十九日

时间：二O二一年七月二十九日

英美文学之阿布丰王创作

时间：二O二一年七月二十九日

英国文学

mShakespeare

hewasabout14yearsold,hehadtoleaveschooltohelp

1582,hemarriedAnneHathaway,

ewenttoLondon

1612heretiredfrom

thestageandreturnedtohishometownanddiedin

the22yearsofhisliterarycareer,he

produced37plays,154sonnets(十四行诗)andsomelong

poems.

ncomediesare:

AMidsummerNight’sDream（《仲夏夜之梦》）,AsYouLike

It（《皆年夜欢喜》）,MerchantofVenice（《威尼斯商

人》）,TheTwelfthNight（《第十二夜》）

MerchantofVenice

ThestorytellsusthatShylock,themoneylenderofJew,

isdislikedbyallgoodmen,especiallybyAntonio,a

youngmerchantofVenice,Bassano,thefriendofhis

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ohasnomoneyandgoesto

Shylock,whopretendstobekind,butasksAntonioto

edaytopaythedebtscomes,Antonio

cannotpaythemoneyandtheJewdemandsthepoundof

t,ayoungdoctor,

PortiaindisguisavesAntonia.

Shakespearewrote11tragedies,amongwhichthemost

famousare:RomeoandJuliet（《罗密欧与朱丽叶》）,

Hamlet（《哈姆雷特》）,Othello（《奥赛罗》）,KingLear

（《李尔王》）,Macbeth（《麦克白》）,TheTempest（《狂

风雨》）.

Hamlet

ThewholeplayshowshowHamlet,whoreprentsgoodand

justice,fightsagainsthisuncleinwhomalltheevil

ayisregardedasthesummit

ofShakespeare’sart.

Thefamouslineintheplay“tobe,ornottobe”by

Hamletisoftenquotedbypeople.

Othello

o

,averybadman

enviesOthello’sOthellothathis

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ostrangleshiswifeandlater

killshimlf.

KingLear

KingLear,oneoftheBritishkings,wantstodividehis

kingdomintothreepartsandbestowachdaughterapart.

Thefirsttwodaughterstellhimthattheylovehimmore

thanwordscouldexpress,whiletheyoungestdaughter

king,angrywiththe

youngestdaughter,dividesthekingdomintotwopartsand

,theoldkingis

treatedbadlyanddrivenoutofthetwoelderdaughters’

ngestdaughtercomestofighthersisters

,thekingdiesofgriefandsorrow.

SomecriticshavesaidthatKingLearisShakespeare’s

greatestachievement,whichisthemostcomplexinplot

andmostpainful.

AmongShakespeare’s10historicalplays,HenryIVand

HenryVaretworemarkableones.

Besidesthe37plays,Shakespearewrotesomelongpoems

and154sonnets.

HewasoneofthefoundersofrealisminEnglish

ysaremirrorsofhisage.

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lton

lifeandliterarycareerthetwodominanthistorical

movementsofRenaissanceandRefo0rmationcombineand

towersoverhisagejustasShakespearetowersoverthe

ElizabethanageandChaucerovertheMedievalAge.

toCambridge

was

marriedtoMaryPowellin1642butshelefthimsixweeks

heRestorationoftheMonarchyin1660,

MiltonbeganhismasterpieceParadiLost（《失乐园》）.

Beforehisdeath,hepublishedtwootherworksParadi

Regained（《复乐园》）andSamsonAgonists（《力士参孙》）,

butneitherissuccessfulasParadiLost.

ParadiLost

ParadiLostisMilton’smasterpieceandthegreatest

oem,Godisnobetterthana

lfishdespot,whoiscruelandunjustinpunishing

Satan（撒旦）,dEveembodyMilton’s

stherealheroof

thepoem.

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Defoe

Defoewasanovelistwhohasbeenregardedasthe

ongcreative

spiritinnovelwritingwonhimthetitle“Fatherof

EnglishandEuropeanNovels”.

wasnearly

60yearsold,st

novelTheLifeandStrangeSurprisingAdventuresof

RobinsonCrusoewasagreatsuccessandDefoebecamea

well-knownwriteralloverEurope.

RobinsonCrusoe

beginning,weeCrusoe’scareerasasailor,a

oyagetoAfrica,he

metashipwreckandfoundhimlfcastbytheaweaves

gedthe

tashelter,grew

e

rescuedonesavageandnamedhimFriday,whobecamehis

yanEnglishshipcameandtook

himtoEurope,thusCrusoeendedhis28-yearlifeonthe

ards,hereturnedtoEnglandandgot

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,heailedbacktotheislandand

establishedacolonythere.

CrusoereprentedtheEnglishbourgeoisieattheearly

stageofitsdevelopment.

anSwift

raduationfromDublin

University,hewenttoEnglandandbecamethecretary

this

period,,inordertojointhe

struggleoftheIrishpeopleagainsttheirEnglish

oppressors,hewrotesomepamphletsconcerningIreland.

InAModestProposal,withbitterirony,Swiftsuggested

thatthepoorIrishpeasantsfattentheirone-year-old

childrenandllthemasfoodtotherich,whichisa

mostpowerfulblowattheEnglishgovernment.

IntheperiodwhenhewasclolylinkedwiththeIrish

people,hewrotehismasterpieceGulliver’sTravels(《格

列佛游记》).Gulliver'sTravels(1726,amended1735),is

anovelbyIrishwriterandclergymanJonathan

Swiftthatisbothasatireonhumannatureand

aparodyofthe"travellers'tales"literarysub-genre.

ItisSwift'sbestknownfull-lengthwork,andaclassic

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ofEnglishliterature.

mBlake

Blake’smainworksincludes:

SongsofInnocence（《天真之歌》）:Thiscollection

containspoemswrittenforchildrenofwhichthebest-

knownpoemisTheLamb（《羊羔》）.

SongsofExperience（《经验之歌》）:Thiscollectionis

muchmatureandisBlake’

best-knownpoemsinthiscollectionareTheTiger（《老

虎》）,London（《伦敦》）andTheChimney-Sweeper（《扫

烟囱的孩子》）.Thispoeminthiscollectionshowsthat

thepoet’yesareopentotheevilsandvicesofthe

world.

Burns

RobertBurns’poetryfallsintoveralgroupsaccording

tothesubjectmatter.

MostofBurn’spoemsarelyricsonloveandfriendship.

every

tknownlyricsareARed,

RedRo（《红红的玫瑰》）,AuldLangSyne（《旧日美好时

光》）.

Burnswrotesomepoemstoexpresshishatredforthe

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oppressionoftherulingclassandhisloveforfreedom.

e

hispoemsandsongs

hepeople’s

poet.

mWordsworth

WilliamWordsworthwasbornandgrewupintheLake

uralbeautyandgrandeurofthisarea

wasamajorsourceofinspirationforWordsworth

1787,heattendedCambridge

1797,hewasintroducedtoSamuelTaylor

riendshipis

oneofthemostimportantandfruitfulfriendshipsin

,heacceptedtheofficeofa

distributorofstampsandwasmade“PoetLaureate”(桂冠

诗人).Hediedin1850whenhewas80yearsold.

GordonByron

ByronwaducatedinCambridgeUniversity,whereheled

1815,ByronmarriedAnnabellabut

hebirthoftheir

daughter,eftEnglandin1816dueto

1824,Byrondiedof

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feverinGreece.

alwithnature

t-knownpiecesareSheWalksinBeauty

（《她走在美的光影里》）,WhenWeTwoParted（《昔日依依

别》）andHebrewMelodies（《希伯来歌曲》）.Byronis

chieflyknownforhistwolongpoems,oneisChilde

Harold’sPilgrimage(《恰尔德哈罗尔德游记》),theother

isDonJuanwhichishismasterpiece.

Thestoryofthepoemtakesplaceinthelatterpartof

n（《唐璜》）isaSpanishyouthof

gpoemdescribesDonJuan’s

adventuresinmaycountries.

Byronisoneofthemostexcellentreprentativesof

erarycareerwascloly

associatedwiththestruggleandprogressivemovementof

msarefavoritesoftheBritishworkers.

yssheShelley

ShelleywenttoOxfordUniversitybutwaxpelledafter

wo

isfirst

wifediedandByronwascompelledtoleaveEnglandin

1818andspentalltherestofhislifeinItaly,where

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1822,hewasdrowned.

PrometheusUnbound(《解放的普罗米修斯》)isShelly’s

ryistakenfromGreekmythology.

AccordingtoGreekmyth,Prometheusstealsfirefrom

HeavenandispunishedbyZeus,whochainshimtoarock.

FinallyZeusisoverthrownandHerculestsPrometheus

free.

Shelly’sshortpoemsonnatureandloveforman

tlove

lyrics:OdetotheWestWind（《西风颂》）andOdeToa

Skylark（《云雀颂》）.“IfWintercomes,canSpringbe

farbehind?”isafamouslineinOdetotheWestWind.

Shellylovedthepeopleandhatedtheiroppressorsand

alledhim“thebestandleastlfish

manIeverknew”.

ats

1817,hepublished

hisfirstvolumeofpoemsandin1818appearedhiscond

’

inRomeattheageof26.

HisfamousworksareOdetoaNightingale（《夜莺颂》）,

OdeonaGrecianUrn（《希腊古瓮颂》）andOdetoAutumn

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（《秋颂》）.Therefore,odeishismainformofpoetry,

leadingprincipleis“Beautyistruth,truthbeauty”.

Hispoetryisdistinguishedbynsuousnessandthe

perfectionofform.

sDickens

was

fifteen,heleftschoolandenteredalawyer’soffice.

In1834,el

PickwickPapers（《匹克维克外传》）broughthimintothe

restofhislifewasworkwithoutrest.

Hismainnovelsinhislifeare:

PickwickPapers,OliverTwist（《雾都孤儿》）,TheOld

CuriosityShop（《老古玩店》）

DombeyandSon（《董贝父子》）,DavidCopperfield（《年

夜卫科波菲尔》）

GreatExpectations（《远年夜前程》）,AtaleofTwo

Cities（《双城记》）

nteSisters

TheBronteSistersareCharlotteBronte,EmilyBronteand

realltalentedwritersandallof

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reallloversofliteratureand

readalot.

CharlotteBronte’sMasterpieceJaneEyre

ThisnoveltellsthestoryofandorphangirlcalledJane

,shegoestoa

,Janebecomesa

squirefallsinlovewithher,however,beforetheir

wedding,JanelearnsthatRochesterhasgotamadwife.

Shockedbythenews,Janefleesfromthehouandstays

inaparson’misfortunebefalls

Rochester,whohouisdestroyedinafireandhe

gthisJanehurriesbackandbecomes

hiswife.

Inthenovel,JaneEyremaintainsthatwomenshouldhave

ttealsoaimstocriticize

thebourgeoisieeducationalsystem.

EmilyBronte’sMasterpieceWutheringHeights

ThenoveldealswiththestoryoftheheroHeathcliffwho

awandbroughtup

liffandthedaughter

ofthefamilyMissCatherinehavelovedeachsincetheir

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loveiscrushedbyCatherine’s

brother,tobearHindley’sinsult,

earslaterhebecomesa

richman,butfindsthathissweethearthasalreadybeen

,Heathcliffbecomesthe

masterofthefamilyandtakesrevengeuponthenext

tsHindley’ssonHaretonverycruelly

andcompelsCatherine’sdaughterCathytomarryhisown

y,heesthefutilityofrevengeand

HaretonandCathyaremarried.

WutheringHeightsisapowerfulattackonthebourgeoisie

marriagesystem.

AgnesGreyisthemasterpiecebyAnneBronte.

Hardy

HardywasborninDort,whichhecalledWesxinhis

hisfamousnovels,thebest-knownareTessofthe

D’UrbervillesandJudetheObscure（《无名的裘德》）.

TessoftheD’Urbervilles（《德伯家的苔丝》）

TheheroineTessisapoordairymaidwhohasbeenduced

byAlexD’Urbervilles,awealthyvillain,andgives

hefallsinlovewithaman

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rweddingnight,thehonest

girlconfesstoherhusbandthatshehasbeenduced

bandcannotacceptthe

arslater,herhusband

rders

herducerandisthusarrestedandhanged.

ThetragedyofTessisanexposureofthewicked

oppressorsreprentedbyAlex.

sten

JaneAustenwasthefirstEnglishwomannovelist.

AustenwasborninHampshire,asmalltowninsouthwest

educatedathomeandledaquietlife.

Austenwrotealtogether6novels,amongwhichthe

importantonesarePrideandPrejudice,Senand

SensibilityandEmma.

diedin1817attheageof42.

PrideandPrejudice

ThenovelisJaneAusten’tral

characterofthenovelisElizabethBennet,oneofthe

daughtersintheBennets.

ElizabethmeetsayoungmanDarcyandhasprejudice

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ay

twistsandturns,misunderstandingdisappearandtheyare

happilyunited.

Theplotisverysimple,butAustenhaswovenvivid

novelsshowawealthofhumor,witanddelicatesatire.

Herdialoguesareadmirablytruetolife.

ilde

OscarWildeisthereprentativeamongthewritersof

aestheticismanddecadence.

ThePictureofDorianGrey（《多利安格雷的小巷》）isa

typicaldecadentnoveldescribingtheauthor’saesthetic

sthestoryofahandsomebut

immoralyoungmanwhoimmoralityleavesnotraceinhis

ownappearancebutisreflectedinhisportrait,which

rince（《快乐王子》）

isanotherimportantworkbyWilde.

mButlerYeats

timehemovedtoLondonin1887,hisgoalsasanartist

1903,duetodisappointmentinlove,he

1921,Yeatsbecame

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1923,hewas

awardedtheNobelPrizeforliterature.

HismajorpoemsincludeSailingtoByzantium（《驶向拜占

庭》）,theSecondComing（《基督再临》）andLedaand

theSwan（《丽达与天鹅》）.

derPope

Popewasthereprentativewriteroftheneo-classical

majorworksincludedAnEssayonCriticism,TheRapeof

theLock（《夺发记》）,EssayonMan（《论人类》）.Pope

exertedmuchinfluenceupontheotherwritersoftheage.

Heoccupiedaprominentplaceintheliteraryworldof

lyperiodofthe18thcenturyhasoften

beennamedafterhimasthe“AgeofPope”.His

influenceonBryonwasgreat.

美国文学

inFranklin

BenjaminFranklinwasoneofthemostimportantAmerican

dasthe

epitomeoftheEnlightenmentandastheversatile

embodimentofrationalmanoftheperiod.

geof12,hebecame

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anapprenticetohisbrotherJames,1722,

atonly16,1723,

outbreakoftheRevolutioncalledhimtoattendthe

SecondContinentalCongress,thentobechonamember

ofthecommitteetodrafttheDeclarationofIndependence

Inhislifetime,Franklinwaswellknownprincipallyas

anaccomplishedscientist,naturalphilosopher,

utationasagreatman

oflettersrestedchieflyuponhistwomasterpiece:Poor

Richard’sAlmanac（《穷查理历书》）andAutobiography

（《自传》）.

itman

efirst

greatAmericanpoettoufreeverinpoetry.

WhitmanwasbornonafarminLongIsland,

1838,hebeganeditinghisownweeklynewspaper,theLong

attimeon,hewasprincipallya

licationofLeaves

ofGrassin1855markedthebirthoftrulyAmerican

poetry,whichchangedWhitmanfromaconventional,

undistinguishedmanintooneofAmerica’sgreatestand

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mostoriginalpoets.

Whitman’sgreatcontributiontoAmericanliteratureis

lopedapoeticstyleof

originality,whichwasdevoidofconventionalrhymeand

meter（韵律）.Notonlytheformofhisfreeverbut

alsohisthoughtofdemocracyhavebeeninfluentialin

worldliterature.

LeavesofGrass（《草叶集》）

LeavesofGrasshasattainedalmostuniversalacceptance

asAmerica’eenpraid

as“DemocraticBible”e

lifelongworkofWhitmananditsthemesaremultiple.

TheideasWhitmanexpressinhisLeavesofGrassare

democraticonesbesideshissingingofscience,laborand

natureandcanbesummarizedastherealizationof

liberty,equalityandfraternity.

SongofMylf（《自我之歌》）isthemostfamouspoemin

thecollection.

llanPoe

EdgarAllanPoehasbeenheldamongthegreatestpoets

andthemostpopularofAmericanauthorsduetohisgreat

efirstAmericanprofessional

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writerandthefirstwriterofdetectivestoryinthe

shortlifeofpoverty,anxietyand

fantastictragedy.

PoewasborninBostonorphanedat2andadoptedbyJohn

Allan,msappearedin1831,

whichconsistedsomeofhisbestpoems,likeToHelen

（《致海伦》）.In1847hiswifedied,hedrankheavily

1849,hewas

pickedupunconsciousonthestreetofBaltimoreanddied

thefollowingdayatageof40.

HisbestfamouspoemsareTheRaven（《乌鸦》）and

AnnabelLee（《安娜贝尔李》）andhismostfamousnovel

isTheFalloftheHouofUsher（《厄谢府的倾圮》）.

avidThoreau

HismasterpiecewasWalden,orLifeintheWoods（《瓦尔

登湖,或林中生活》）.Theworkispartpersonal

declarationofindependence,socialexperiment,voyageof

spiritualdiscovery,satire,andmanualforlfreliance.

Thoreaudidnotintendtoliveasahermit,forhe

receivedvisitorsregularly,andreturnedtheirvisits.

Rather,hehopedtoisolatehimlffromsocietytogain

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livingandlf-sufficiencywereThoreau'sothergoals,

andthewholeprojectwasinspired

bytranscendentalistphilosophy,acentralthemeofthe

eaumadeclearinhis

book,hiscabinwasnotinwildernessbutattheedgeof

town,abouttwomiles(3km)fromhisfamilyhome.

ain

AsoneofAmerica’sfirstandforemostrealistsand

humorists,MarkTwain,thepennameofSamuelLanghorne

Clemens,usuallywroteabouthisownpersonalexperiences

theheartofTwin’sachievementishiscreationofTom

SawyerandHuckFinn,whoembodythemysticAmerica.

TwainwasborninavillageinMissouriandgrewupin

nwhichwas

burginTheAdventuresofTom

1857,

TwainwasattractedbytheriverlifeoftheMississippi

romthisworkthat

hegottheideaofhispenname,whichwasanautical

term.

Attheageof72,hewasawardedthedegreeofDoctorof

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1910,hediedin

Connecticut.

MostofMarkTwin’

sarcasmisoftendirectedagainstworldlyshamand

tpopularofhisbooksare

TheAdventuresofTomSawyer（《汤姆索亚历险记》）andThe

theMississippi

（《在密西西比河上》）depictsauniquekindoflifethat

nceandthe

Pauper（《王子和贫儿》）isahistoricalromance.

TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn（《哈克贝里费恩历险

记》）

NarratedbyHuck,thequelbeginswithitsunschooled

herounderthemotherlyprotectionofWidowDouglasand

herkidnapshimand

capesto

Jackson’sislandwherehemeetsMissWatson’srunaway

arttheirwayonaraftandthusbegin

withtheiradventuresalongtheMississippiRiver.

Atlast,JimistfreeinMissWatson’swillandHuck

decidestogoonwithhisadventureforhedoesn’twant

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tohavetheso-called“civilized”life.

HuckleberryFinnisaveritablerecreationofliving

charactershaveprototypesinreallife.

Thoughalocalbook,ittouchesuponthehumansituation

inageneral,indeeduniversalwas:humanitarianism

ultimatelytriumphs.

kis

writteninthecolloquialstyle,inthegeneralspeechof

khasbecomeamasterpiece,

theonebookfromwhich,asEarnestHemingwaynoted,

“allmodernAmericanliteraturecomes.”

tHemingway

EarnestHemingwaywasbornin1898atOakPark,Illinois.

InWorldWarI,hejoinedanAmericanambulanceunit,was

deathlatercompriamajorpartofhissubjectmatter.

In1923,hepublishedTheSunAlsoRis（《太阳照样升

起》）.Financialsuccesscamein1929withAFarewellto

Arms（《永别了武器》）.Thisnovelisamasterpiecein

emotionalimpactisgreatanditswarscenesareraw,

ate1930s,withtheoutbreakof

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theSpanishWar,HemingwaysailedforSpainandin1940,

ForWhomtheBellTolls（《丧钟为谁而鸣》）,hisown

eOldManandTheSea

（《老人与海》）,hewasawardedthe1953PulitzerPrize.

In1954,hewasawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiterature.

OnJuly2,1961,hekilledhimlfwithagun,justas

hisfatherdid.

IndigenoustoalmostallofHemingway’snovelsisthe

conceptoftheHemingwayhero,whoisusuallyamanof

decidedlymasculinetastes,nsitiveandintelligent.

Hemingwayherostandsforawholegeneration,who

is

couragethatenablesamantobehavelikeaman,to

the

formulationoftheconceptofheroliesthebasic

disillusionmentoftheAmericanpublic.

Hemingway’sstyleofwritingisstriking,characterized

byshortandterntences,simpledictionoftenfilled

withemotion,vividcolloquialismandthesimplicityof

statements.

AFarewelltoArms

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LieutenantHenrywasayoungAmericanattachedtoan

dthegirl,but

ront,Henrywaswounded

ndCatherine

stayedtogetherandCatherinewaspregnant.

eescapedandmade

atherineandtheyranaway

unatelyCatherinediedwhengiving

eftthehospitalhelplessly

andhopelessly.

sScottFitzgerald

FitzgeraldwastheleaderoftheJazzAgeandoneofthe

bestAmericanwritersofthe20thcentury.

HeattendedPrincetonUniversity,whileleftin1917and

mycamphemetZeldaSayre

andfelllovewithherwhobecamethemodelformostthe

1921,Fitzgerald

andZeldaweremarriedandttledonLongIslandandled

1925,hepublishedhisthird

novelTheGreatGatsby（《了不起的盖茨比》）,a

masterpiecerelatedwithironyanddisillusionmentofthe

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1934,hepublishedhiscond

masterpieceTenderIstheNight（《夜色温柔》）.

TheGreatGatsby

ThestoryistoldinthefirstpersonbyNickCaraway,a

1922,Nickleaveshometodo

sasmallhouinWest

Eggandnextdoortohishouistheenormoushouof

ing,Nickdineswithadistantcousin,

DaisyandgetstoknowherhusbandTomandJordanBaker,

anattractiveyounggolfer.

NickisinvitedtooneofGatsby’spartiesandlearns

nion

takesplaceandNickhasbecomeinvolvedwithJordan

erfindsthathiswifeisinlovewith

GatsbyandmakesaconspiracytohaveGatsbykilled.

Intheendofthestory,Gatsbyisshottodeathbyaman

ghhewants

toprovidehimwithadecentfuneral,noonewantsto

alizes

thatthericharecarelessanddestructive.

ndon

HismostimportantworksincludeTheCalloftheWild

时间：二O二一年七月二十九日

时间：二O二一年七月二十九日

（《野性的呼唤》）,LoveofLife（《热爱生命》）and

MartinEden（《马丁伊登》）.

Miller

HismasterpieceisDeathofaSalesman（《推销员之

死》）.Theplayattemptstoraiacounterexample

toAristotle'scharacterizationoftragedyasthe

downfallofagreatman:thoughLomancertainly

hashamartia,atragicflaworerror,hisdownfallis

n,Miller'splay

reprentsademocratizationoftheancientformof

tragedy;theplay'sprotagonistishimlfobsdwith

thequestionofgreatness,andhisdownfallaris

directlyfromhiscontinuedmisconceptionofhimlf--at

age63--assomeonecapableofgreatness,aswellasthe

unshakableconvictionthatgreatnessstemsdirectlyfrom

personalcharismaorpopularity.

时间：二O二一年七月二十九日