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庐山烟雨浙江潮

更新时间:2023-01-28 09:12:39 阅读: 评论:0

锐雯我已经流浪了如此之久-米是什么意思


2023年1月28日发(作者:原来 歌词)

苏东坡与观潮诗

作者:司马一民

来源:《文化交流》2021年第10期

壮观钱江潮吸引了历代诗人观赏,因此也留下了很多观潮诗。古代诗人中谁写的观潮诗最

多?大约要数苏东坡了。苏东坡曾经一口气连写五首观潮诗——《八月十五日看潮五绝》:

其一

定知玉兔十分圆,化作霜风九月寒。寄语重门休上钥,夜潮流向月中看。

其二

万人鼓噪慑吴侬,犹似浮江老阿童。欲识潮头高几许?越山浑在浪花中。

其三

江边身世两悠悠,久与沧波共白头。造物亦知人易老,故叫江水向西流。

其四

吴儿生长狎涛渊,冒利轻生不自怜。东海若知明主意,应教斥卤变桑田。

其五

江神河伯两醯鸡,海若东来气吐霓。安得夫差水犀手,三千强弩射潮低。

苏东坡在《乌台诗案》中说:“熙宁六年,任杭州通判,因八月十五日观潮作诗五首,写

在安济亭上。”即《八月十五日看潮五绝》。可知这些诗词都作于宋神宗熙宁六年(1073年)

中秋之日。第一首诗写诗人有出去看钱塘江潮的打算。第二首诗描绘了诗人看到的钱江潮气势

磅礴。第三首诗抒写诗人看潮后兴起的感慨。第四首诗写诗人作为地方官,看潮的想法,诗人

怜惜当时的弄潮人重利轻生,讽喻当时朝廷兴建的一些水利设施没有给百姓带来实惠。第五首

诗写诗人想象倘若能得到当年夫差穿着水犀之甲的猛士,用上钱镠射潮的三千强弩,就可以把

大潮制服,免于百姓受灾。这五首诗有虚有实,虚实结合,有描述有感慨有想象,反映了苏东

坡常怀忧国忧民之心。

《瑞鹧鸪·观潮》是苏东坡写的一首观潮词:

碧山影里小红旗,侬是江南踏浪儿。拍手欲嘲山简醉,齐声争唱浪婆词。西兴渡口帆初

落,渔浦山头日未欹。侬欲送潮歌底曲?尊前还唱使君诗。

踏浪儿,指冲浪者。山简,晋人,好酒。西兴渡口,在钱塘江南岸。使君,指杭州知州陈

襄,当天他与苏东坡一同觀潮。

此词大意为,那些在碧波中舞动着小红旗的勇士,你们是踏浪而舞的弄潮儿。我虽然喝酒

的时候手舞足蹈,别笑我会像山简那样酩酊大醉,我正欣赏两岸观潮人唱的浪婆词。近处西兴

渡口赛舟的帆刚刚落下,远方渔浦山头的太阳还没有西沉。你该唱哪一支曲送走潮水呢?我看

对酒当歌陈太守作的诗最好。

这首词写了弄潮儿在浪涛中自由奔放,写了钱江潮退潮时候的景象,写了观潮者唱起“使

君诗”作为送潮曲,可以说生动地描绘了当时杭州百姓生活习俗的一个历史画面。

苏东坡不光观赏江潮,还动脑筋“治潮”。元祐四年(1089),苏轼任杭州知州,他考察得

知,衢、睦、处、婺、宣、歙、饶、信等州以及福建八州的人民往来时,都需在龙山附近渡

江,但不少船被巨大的钱江潮水掀翻,“老弱叫号,求救于湍沙之间,声未及终,已为潮水卷

去”,“能自全者,百无一二”,公私财物一年要损失几千万;沿江各州人民生活必需的盐、米、

薪,也需借钱塘江运输,但浮山一带水势险恶,船只很难安全航行。苏东坡谋划治潮良策,在

元祐六年(1091)从前信州知州侯临那儿访知,在钱塘江上游名叫石门的地方开凿一条运河,

即可避开浮山之险。于是,他邀约转运司官员叶温叟、张璹一同前往石门一带实地考察,考察

后一致认为侯临的设想是可行的。于是,他请侯临写了《开石门河利害事状》,请人做了开石

门河所需的人工、材料、钱米等工程预算,又绘一幅施工图。同年三月,苏东坡上奏朝廷《乞

相度开石门河状》,连同工程预算、施工图以及侯临的书状一并上报,请求宋哲宗和听政的太

皇太后拨钱十五万贯、允许调用三千,用来开凿石门河,还建议朝廷派候临监督施工,计

划用两年时间完成这一工程。做完了“工程立项”,元祐六年八月,苏东坡就调离杭州去颖州上

任了。

苏东坡还有一首诗《观浙江涛》,开头两句被视为对钱江潮的最高评价:

八月十八潮,壮观天下无。鲲鹏水击三千里,组练长驱十万夫。红旗青盖互明末,黑沙白

浪相吞屠。人生会合古难必,此情此景那两得。愿君闻此添蜡烛,门外白袍如立鹄。

对钱江潮的汹涌壮观,描述得别具一格,还夹有对世事人生的感慨,也是触景生情。

像白居易一样,钱江潮留在苏东坡心目中的印象极深,离开杭州很多年以后,晚年的苏东

坡又写了一首观潮诗——《观潮》:

庐山烟雨浙江潮,未到千般恨不消。到得还来别无事,庐山烟雨浙江潮。

这首诗是宋徽宗建中靖国元年(1101年)苏东坡在常州写给小儿子苏过的,类似偈语,

与他以前的诗,风格迥异。

这年苏过将去就任中山府通判,苏东坡写了此诗送他。此诗仅从字面解释是很简单的,但

简单中又蕴含着不简单,颇有禅机。

这首诗大意为,庐山的烟雨和浙江潮,不去观赏遗憾终身。终于亲临两地看到了烟雨蒙蒙

的庐山和汹涌澎湃的浙江潮,却没有什么特别的感受,也不过就是烟雨蒙蒙的庐山和汹涌澎湃

的浙江潮。

《五灯会元》卷十七载青原惟信禅师语录:“老僧三十年前未参禅时,见山是山,见水是

水。及至后来,亲见知识,有个入处,见山不是山,见水不是水。而今得个休歇处,依前见山

是山,见水是水。大众,这三般见解,是同是别?有人缁素得出,许汝亲见老僧。”

这“三般见解”,指禅悟的三个阶段,苏东坡这首诗,用的正是此意。在经历了人生道路上

的潮起潮落,晚年苏东坡写此诗是否可以用“不过如此”来解释?也许他想告诉苏过的就是这个

意思,别把官场起伏看得太重。

这首《观潮》在众多的观潮诗词中极为少见。

当年七月二十八日,苏东坡病死于常州。

(作者系杭州市政协智库专家、杭州文史专家)

SuDongpo’sFive

QuatrainsonWatchingtheTidalBore

BySimaYimin

Forgenerationsandgenerations,Chinepoetshavebeenfascinatedbythespectaculartidal

lly,manypoemsontidewatching

hepoetsofyore,whopennedthemostpoemsonthissubject?SuShi

(1037-1101),akaSuDongpo,preeminentscholaroftheSongdynasty(960-1279)andone

ofChina’sgreatestpoets,isdefinitelyoneofthebestcandidates.

Infact,Suoncecompodfivepoemsinonego,titled“WatchingtheTidalBoreonthe

FifteenthDayoftheEighthLunarMonth,FiveQuatrains”:

One

Knowingthe“JadeRabbit”isroundtonight,I’malreadyfeelingthecolderautumnbroughtby

frostywinds.

Prayingtoheavennottolockitsgate,I’llsavorthetidesrushingunderthemoonlight.

Two

Asifthousandsbeatingthedrumthetidesroar,

scaringtheWupeoplelikeWangJuntheJingeneralofyore.

Howhighcanthecrestofthewavessoar?

EventheYuemountainsareburiedbeneathall.

Three

Liketherivermylifeebbsandflows,

LonghaveIaged,aswhiteasthewavesmyhairgrows.

EventheCreatorknowsweeasilygetold,

SoHeturnedbacktheriver,tellingittoflowtothewest.

Four

Livingbyriverside,theWupeoplearesofondofsurgingbillows,

Thattheyundulyrisktheirlivesridingwaves.

IftheGodofSeacanethroughtheemperor’smind,

Heshouldturnthesalinesoilintofertileland.

Five

Thewaterfairyandtheriverspiritarebuttwosmallfries,

OnlytheGodofSeabringsfromtheeastrainbow-swallowingbores.

WherecanIfindKingFuchai’srhino-skinnedwarriors?

Threethousandcrossbowmenwillshootdownthewaves.

“DuringthesixthyearofthereignofXining,IrvedastheassistantprefectofHangzhou.

Watchingthetidalboreonthefifteenthdayoftheeighthlunarmonth,Icompodfivepoemsatthe

AnjiPavilion,”sthatthequatrainsweredoneontheMid-

,st:

ond:rd:feelingsafter

rth:thoughtsandreflectionsontheprecariouslifeofthelocal

watermenth:

imagininghimlfobtainingrhino-skin-armoredwarriorsofFuchai(?-473BC),kingofWu,

andthethree-thousand-strongcrossbowmenthatQianLiu(852-932AD),kingofWuyue,

deployedtotamethetide.

Truetothentimentsheexpresdinthepoesm,SuDongpodidmorethanenjoytheriver

tides;1089,thefourthyearofthereignofYuanyou,Su

omeinvestigativework,hefoundthatpeoplefroma

numberofprefecturesinZhejiang,Anhui,JiangxiandFujianprovinceshadtocrosstheQiantang

RiveratapassnearFushanMountainforpersonalvisitsandcommercialexchanges,butmanya

boathadbeenoverturnedbythetides.“Theoldandtheinfirmcalledoutloudforhelpamidthe

rapids,buttheywereovertakenbythetidevenbeforetheirvoicesdiedout”,“nomorethanone

ortwooutofahundredcouldemergeunscathed”,anddamagesworthtensofmillionswerecaud

,dailynecessitieslikesalt,riceandfirewoodwerealso

transportedviatheQiantangRiver,andthesafetyoftransportshipsweregreatlyendangerednear

1091,afterlearningthatthedangersalongFushanMountainstretchcouldbe

avoidedbydiggingacanalalongtheupperreachesoftheriver,Sunotonlywentonafieldtrip,

butdrewupaworkingplanandbudgetfortheproject,beforesubmittingamemorialtotheimperial

court,pleadingfor150,000taelsofsilverasprojectfundingand3,

r,SuwastransferredtoYingzhou(prent-

dayFuyangcityinAnhuiprovince)inJunebeforetheprojectcouldbecompleted.

Infact,Suoncecompodfivepoemsinonego,titled“WatchingtheTidalBoreonthe

FifteenthDayoftheEighthLunarMonth,FiveQuatrains”:

One

Knowingthe“JadeRabbit”isroundtonight,I’malreadyfeelingthecolderautumnbroughtby

frostywinds.

Prayingtoheavennottolockitsgate,I’llsavorthetidesrushingunderthemoonlight.

Two

Asifthousandsbeatingthedrumthetidesroar,

scaringtheWupeoplelikeWangJuntheJingeneralofyore.

Howhighcanthecrestofthewavessoar?

EventheYuemountainsareburiedbeneathall.

Three

Liketherivermylifeebbsandflows,

LonghaveIaged,aswhiteasthewavesmyhairgrows.

EventheCreatorknowsweeasilygetold,

SoHeturnedbacktheriver,tellingittoflowtothewest.

Four

Livingbyriverside,theWupeoplearesofondofsurgingbillows,

Thattheyundulyrisktheirlivesridingwaves.

IftheGodofSeacanethroughtheemperor’smind,

Heshouldturnthesalinesoilintofertileland.

Five

Thewaterfairyandtheriverspiritarebuttwosmallfries,

OnlytheGodofSeabringsfromtheeastrainbow-swallowingbores.

WherecanIfindKingFuchai’srhino-skinnedwarriors?

Threethousandcrossbowmenwillshootdownthewaves.

“DuringthesixthyearofthereignofXining,IrvedastheassistantprefectofHangzhou.

Watchingthetidalboreonthefifteenthdayoftheeighthlunarmonth,Icompodfivepoemsatthe

AnjiPavilion,”sthatthequatrainsweredoneontheMid-

,st:

ond:rd:feelingsafter

rth:thoughtsandreflectionsontheprecariouslifeofthelocal

watermenth:

imagininghimlfobtainingrhino-skin-armoredwarriorsofFuchai(?-473BC),kingofWu,

andthethree-thousand-strongcrossbowmenthatQianLiu(852-932AD),kingofWuyue,

deployedtotamethetide.

Truetothentimentsheexpresdinthepoesm,SuDongpodidmorethanenjoytheriver

tides;1089,thefourthyearofthereignofYuanyou,Su

omeinvestigativework,hefoundthatpeoplefroma

numberofprefecturesinZhejiang,Anhui,JiangxiandFujianprovinceshadtocrosstheQiantang

RiveratapassnearFushanMountainforpersonalvisitsandcommercialexchanges,butmanya

boathadbeenoverturnedbythetides.“Theoldandtheinfirmcalledoutloudforhelpamidthe

rapids,buttheywereovertakenbythetidevenbeforetheirvoicesdiedout”,“nomorethanone

ortwooutofahundredcouldemergeunscathed”,anddamagesworthtensofmillionswerecaud

,dailynecessitieslikesalt,riceandfirewoodwerealso

transportedviatheQiantangRiver,andthesafetyoftransportshipsweregreatlyendangerednear

1091,afterlearningthatthedangersalongFushanMountainstretchcouldbe

avoidedbydiggingacanalalongtheupperreachesoftheriver,Sunotonlywentonafieldtrip,

butdrewupaworkingplanandbudgetfortheproject,beforesubmittingamemorialtotheimperial

court,pleadingfor150,000taelsofsilverasprojectfundingand3,

r,SuwastransferredtoYingzhou(prent-

dayFuyangcityinAnhuiprovince)inJunebeforetheprojectcouldbecompleted.

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