苏东坡与观潮诗
作者:司马一民
来源:《文化交流》2021年第10期
壮观钱江潮吸引了历代诗人观赏,因此也留下了很多观潮诗。古代诗人中谁写的观潮诗最
多?大约要数苏东坡了。苏东坡曾经一口气连写五首观潮诗——《八月十五日看潮五绝》:
其一
定知玉兔十分圆,化作霜风九月寒。寄语重门休上钥,夜潮流向月中看。
其二
万人鼓噪慑吴侬,犹似浮江老阿童。欲识潮头高几许?越山浑在浪花中。
其三
江边身世两悠悠,久与沧波共白头。造物亦知人易老,故叫江水向西流。
其四
吴儿生长狎涛渊,冒利轻生不自怜。东海若知明主意,应教斥卤变桑田。
其五
江神河伯两醯鸡,海若东来气吐霓。安得夫差水犀手,三千强弩射潮低。
苏东坡在《乌台诗案》中说:“熙宁六年,任杭州通判,因八月十五日观潮作诗五首,写
在安济亭上。”即《八月十五日看潮五绝》。可知这些诗词都作于宋神宗熙宁六年(1073年)
中秋之日。第一首诗写诗人有出去看钱塘江潮的打算。第二首诗描绘了诗人看到的钱江潮气势
磅礴。第三首诗抒写诗人看潮后兴起的感慨。第四首诗写诗人作为地方官,看潮的想法,诗人
怜惜当时的弄潮人重利轻生,讽喻当时朝廷兴建的一些水利设施没有给百姓带来实惠。第五首
诗写诗人想象倘若能得到当年夫差穿着水犀之甲的猛士,用上钱镠射潮的三千强弩,就可以把
大潮制服,免于百姓受灾。这五首诗有虚有实,虚实结合,有描述有感慨有想象,反映了苏东
坡常怀忧国忧民之心。
《瑞鹧鸪·观潮》是苏东坡写的一首观潮词:
碧山影里小红旗,侬是江南踏浪儿。拍手欲嘲山简醉,齐声争唱浪婆词。西兴渡口帆初
落,渔浦山头日未欹。侬欲送潮歌底曲?尊前还唱使君诗。
踏浪儿,指冲浪者。山简,晋人,好酒。西兴渡口,在钱塘江南岸。使君,指杭州知州陈
襄,当天他与苏东坡一同觀潮。
此词大意为,那些在碧波中舞动着小红旗的勇士,你们是踏浪而舞的弄潮儿。我虽然喝酒
的时候手舞足蹈,别笑我会像山简那样酩酊大醉,我正欣赏两岸观潮人唱的浪婆词。近处西兴
渡口赛舟的帆刚刚落下,远方渔浦山头的太阳还没有西沉。你该唱哪一支曲送走潮水呢?我看
对酒当歌陈太守作的诗最好。
这首词写了弄潮儿在浪涛中自由奔放,写了钱江潮退潮时候的景象,写了观潮者唱起“使
君诗”作为送潮曲,可以说生动地描绘了当时杭州百姓生活习俗的一个历史画面。
苏东坡不光观赏江潮,还动脑筋“治潮”。元祐四年(1089),苏轼任杭州知州,他考察得
知,衢、睦、处、婺、宣、歙、饶、信等州以及福建八州的人民往来时,都需在龙山附近渡
江,但不少船被巨大的钱江潮水掀翻,“老弱叫号,求救于湍沙之间,声未及终,已为潮水卷
去”,“能自全者,百无一二”,公私财物一年要损失几千万;沿江各州人民生活必需的盐、米、
薪,也需借钱塘江运输,但浮山一带水势险恶,船只很难安全航行。苏东坡谋划治潮良策,在
元祐六年(1091)从前信州知州侯临那儿访知,在钱塘江上游名叫石门的地方开凿一条运河,
即可避开浮山之险。于是,他邀约转运司官员叶温叟、张璹一同前往石门一带实地考察,考察
后一致认为侯临的设想是可行的。于是,他请侯临写了《开石门河利害事状》,请人做了开石
门河所需的人工、材料、钱米等工程预算,又绘一幅施工图。同年三月,苏东坡上奏朝廷《乞
相度开石门河状》,连同工程预算、施工图以及侯临的书状一并上报,请求宋哲宗和听政的太
皇太后拨钱十五万贯、允许调用三千,用来开凿石门河,还建议朝廷派候临监督施工,计
划用两年时间完成这一工程。做完了“工程立项”,元祐六年八月,苏东坡就调离杭州去颖州上
任了。
苏东坡还有一首诗《观浙江涛》,开头两句被视为对钱江潮的最高评价:
八月十八潮,壮观天下无。鲲鹏水击三千里,组练长驱十万夫。红旗青盖互明末,黑沙白
浪相吞屠。人生会合古难必,此情此景那两得。愿君闻此添蜡烛,门外白袍如立鹄。
对钱江潮的汹涌壮观,描述得别具一格,还夹有对世事人生的感慨,也是触景生情。
像白居易一样,钱江潮留在苏东坡心目中的印象极深,离开杭州很多年以后,晚年的苏东
坡又写了一首观潮诗——《观潮》:
庐山烟雨浙江潮,未到千般恨不消。到得还来别无事,庐山烟雨浙江潮。
这首诗是宋徽宗建中靖国元年(1101年)苏东坡在常州写给小儿子苏过的,类似偈语,
与他以前的诗,风格迥异。
这年苏过将去就任中山府通判,苏东坡写了此诗送他。此诗仅从字面解释是很简单的,但
简单中又蕴含着不简单,颇有禅机。
这首诗大意为,庐山的烟雨和浙江潮,不去观赏遗憾终身。终于亲临两地看到了烟雨蒙蒙
的庐山和汹涌澎湃的浙江潮,却没有什么特别的感受,也不过就是烟雨蒙蒙的庐山和汹涌澎湃
的浙江潮。
《五灯会元》卷十七载青原惟信禅师语录:“老僧三十年前未参禅时,见山是山,见水是
水。及至后来,亲见知识,有个入处,见山不是山,见水不是水。而今得个休歇处,依前见山
是山,见水是水。大众,这三般见解,是同是别?有人缁素得出,许汝亲见老僧。”
这“三般见解”,指禅悟的三个阶段,苏东坡这首诗,用的正是此意。在经历了人生道路上
的潮起潮落,晚年苏东坡写此诗是否可以用“不过如此”来解释?也许他想告诉苏过的就是这个
意思,别把官场起伏看得太重。
这首《观潮》在众多的观潮诗词中极为少见。
当年七月二十八日,苏东坡病死于常州。
(作者系杭州市政协智库专家、杭州文史专家)
SuDongpo’sFive
QuatrainsonWatchingtheTidalBore
BySimaYimin
Forgenerationsandgenerations,Chinepoetshavebeenfascinatedbythespectaculartidal
lly,manypoemsontidewatching
hepoetsofyore,whopennedthemostpoemsonthissubject?SuShi
(1037-1101),akaSuDongpo,preeminentscholaroftheSongdynasty(960-1279)andone
ofChina’sgreatestpoets,isdefinitelyoneofthebestcandidates.
Infact,Suoncecompodfivepoemsinonego,titled“WatchingtheTidalBoreonthe
FifteenthDayoftheEighthLunarMonth,FiveQuatrains”:
One
Knowingthe“JadeRabbit”isroundtonight,I’malreadyfeelingthecolderautumnbroughtby
frostywinds.
Prayingtoheavennottolockitsgate,I’llsavorthetidesrushingunderthemoonlight.
Two
Asifthousandsbeatingthedrumthetidesroar,
scaringtheWupeoplelikeWangJuntheJingeneralofyore.
Howhighcanthecrestofthewavessoar?
EventheYuemountainsareburiedbeneathall.
Three
Liketherivermylifeebbsandflows,
LonghaveIaged,aswhiteasthewavesmyhairgrows.
EventheCreatorknowsweeasilygetold,
SoHeturnedbacktheriver,tellingittoflowtothewest.
Four
Livingbyriverside,theWupeoplearesofondofsurgingbillows,
Thattheyundulyrisktheirlivesridingwaves.
IftheGodofSeacanethroughtheemperor’smind,
Heshouldturnthesalinesoilintofertileland.
Five
Thewaterfairyandtheriverspiritarebuttwosmallfries,
OnlytheGodofSeabringsfromtheeastrainbow-swallowingbores.
WherecanIfindKingFuchai’srhino-skinnedwarriors?
Threethousandcrossbowmenwillshootdownthewaves.
“DuringthesixthyearofthereignofXining,IrvedastheassistantprefectofHangzhou.
Watchingthetidalboreonthefifteenthdayoftheeighthlunarmonth,Icompodfivepoemsatthe
AnjiPavilion,”sthatthequatrainsweredoneontheMid-
,st:
ond:rd:feelingsafter
rth:thoughtsandreflectionsontheprecariouslifeofthelocal
watermenth:
imagininghimlfobtainingrhino-skin-armoredwarriorsofFuchai(?-473BC),kingofWu,
andthethree-thousand-strongcrossbowmenthatQianLiu(852-932AD),kingofWuyue,
deployedtotamethetide.
Truetothentimentsheexpresdinthepoesm,SuDongpodidmorethanenjoytheriver
tides;1089,thefourthyearofthereignofYuanyou,Su
omeinvestigativework,hefoundthatpeoplefroma
numberofprefecturesinZhejiang,Anhui,JiangxiandFujianprovinceshadtocrosstheQiantang
RiveratapassnearFushanMountainforpersonalvisitsandcommercialexchanges,butmanya
boathadbeenoverturnedbythetides.“Theoldandtheinfirmcalledoutloudforhelpamidthe
rapids,buttheywereovertakenbythetidevenbeforetheirvoicesdiedout”,“nomorethanone
ortwooutofahundredcouldemergeunscathed”,anddamagesworthtensofmillionswerecaud
,dailynecessitieslikesalt,riceandfirewoodwerealso
transportedviatheQiantangRiver,andthesafetyoftransportshipsweregreatlyendangerednear
1091,afterlearningthatthedangersalongFushanMountainstretchcouldbe
avoidedbydiggingacanalalongtheupperreachesoftheriver,Sunotonlywentonafieldtrip,
butdrewupaworkingplanandbudgetfortheproject,beforesubmittingamemorialtotheimperial
court,pleadingfor150,000taelsofsilverasprojectfundingand3,
r,SuwastransferredtoYingzhou(prent-
dayFuyangcityinAnhuiprovince)inJunebeforetheprojectcouldbecompleted.
Infact,Suoncecompodfivepoemsinonego,titled“WatchingtheTidalBoreonthe
FifteenthDayoftheEighthLunarMonth,FiveQuatrains”:
One
Knowingthe“JadeRabbit”isroundtonight,I’malreadyfeelingthecolderautumnbroughtby
frostywinds.
Prayingtoheavennottolockitsgate,I’llsavorthetidesrushingunderthemoonlight.
Two
Asifthousandsbeatingthedrumthetidesroar,
scaringtheWupeoplelikeWangJuntheJingeneralofyore.
Howhighcanthecrestofthewavessoar?
EventheYuemountainsareburiedbeneathall.
Three
Liketherivermylifeebbsandflows,
LonghaveIaged,aswhiteasthewavesmyhairgrows.
EventheCreatorknowsweeasilygetold,
SoHeturnedbacktheriver,tellingittoflowtothewest.
Four
Livingbyriverside,theWupeoplearesofondofsurgingbillows,
Thattheyundulyrisktheirlivesridingwaves.
IftheGodofSeacanethroughtheemperor’smind,
Heshouldturnthesalinesoilintofertileland.
Five
Thewaterfairyandtheriverspiritarebuttwosmallfries,
OnlytheGodofSeabringsfromtheeastrainbow-swallowingbores.
WherecanIfindKingFuchai’srhino-skinnedwarriors?
Threethousandcrossbowmenwillshootdownthewaves.
“DuringthesixthyearofthereignofXining,IrvedastheassistantprefectofHangzhou.
Watchingthetidalboreonthefifteenthdayoftheeighthlunarmonth,Icompodfivepoemsatthe
AnjiPavilion,”sthatthequatrainsweredoneontheMid-
,st:
ond:rd:feelingsafter
rth:thoughtsandreflectionsontheprecariouslifeofthelocal
watermenth:
imagininghimlfobtainingrhino-skin-armoredwarriorsofFuchai(?-473BC),kingofWu,
andthethree-thousand-strongcrossbowmenthatQianLiu(852-932AD),kingofWuyue,
deployedtotamethetide.
Truetothentimentsheexpresdinthepoesm,SuDongpodidmorethanenjoytheriver
tides;1089,thefourthyearofthereignofYuanyou,Su
omeinvestigativework,hefoundthatpeoplefroma
numberofprefecturesinZhejiang,Anhui,JiangxiandFujianprovinceshadtocrosstheQiantang
RiveratapassnearFushanMountainforpersonalvisitsandcommercialexchanges,butmanya
boathadbeenoverturnedbythetides.“Theoldandtheinfirmcalledoutloudforhelpamidthe
rapids,buttheywereovertakenbythetidevenbeforetheirvoicesdiedout”,“nomorethanone
ortwooutofahundredcouldemergeunscathed”,anddamagesworthtensofmillionswerecaud
,dailynecessitieslikesalt,riceandfirewoodwerealso
transportedviatheQiantangRiver,andthesafetyoftransportshipsweregreatlyendangerednear
1091,afterlearningthatthedangersalongFushanMountainstretchcouldbe
avoidedbydiggingacanalalongtheupperreachesoftheriver,Sunotonlywentonafieldtrip,
butdrewupaworkingplanandbudgetfortheproject,beforesubmittingamemorialtotheimperial
court,pleadingfor150,000taelsofsilverasprojectfundingand3,
r,SuwastransferredtoYingzhou(prent-
dayFuyangcityinAnhuiprovince)inJunebeforetheprojectcouldbecompleted.
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