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名词复数变化
1。一般情况下加smap—maps
2。s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-esbus—bus【stomach(胃)—--stomachs;epoch(新时期)——-epochs】
3。以y结尾的名词,变复数时a.以辅音字母+y,变y为i加esbaby—babies
b。专有名词或元音字母+y,直接加stwoMarys,monkeys
【Dry禁酒论者——-drys,standby后备人员--—standbys】
4.以o结尾的名词,变复数时a。加s,photo—photos
b.加es,Negro,hero,potato,tomato,volcano,tornado,torpedo,veto,mosquito,
5。以f或fe结尾的名词变复数
时
a。去f或fe加ves,half—halves
b.加s,gulf/cliff/roof/griefchief/belief/proof/safe+S
6.名词复数的不规则变化
a。man—menwoman—womenchild-childrenfoot-feettooth—teeth
goo—geemou—micelou—liceox-oxen
ishman—twoEnglishmen。【但German-Germans,human—humans】
**c.外来名词:criterion—criteria(标准);phenomenon—phenomena(现象);
analysis—analys(分析);basis—bas(基础);crisis—cris(危机);
thesis-thes(论文);bacterium-bacteria(细菌);Medium–media(媒介物);
7.
单复
同形
名词
deer,sheep,fish,shark,giraffe,buffalo,Chine,Japane,Swiss,Swedish,Danish,means,ries,
species,aircraft,staff,li,jin,yuan,twoli,threemu,fourjin除了中国度量衡和货币之外,美元,英镑,法
郎等都有复数形式.theEnglish,theChine,表示国民总称时,谓语用复数。【—e,-ish结尾的国家
人单复同形。】
2piecesoffish2fish2fishes
2piecesofglass2glass2pairsofglass
penny(便士)pence(价值)Pennies(个数)
8.
集
体
名
词
A单数类集体名词:
意思为复数,但谓语用单数humanity人类clothing衣服glassware玻璃器具machinery机械mankind人类
equipment设备jewelry珠宝poetry诗baggage行李furniture家具luggage行李pottery陶器
B复数类集体名词:以单数形式出现,但实为复数,谓语用复数.faculty,poultry,folk,people,police等本身
就是复数,谓语动词复数。不能说apeople和apolice,但可以说aperson和apoliceman【apeople–two
peoples】
C单复同形类集体名词谓语单复数由意思决定army;audience;bacteria;cast;class,committee;community;
company;council;crew;data;enemy;family;flock;gang;government;group;herd;jury;media;navy;
opposition;police;press;public;staff;team;youth
单数:Myfamilyisbigfamily.
复数:Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers。
9。以s结尾,仍为单数的名词
a。maths,politics,physics学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。
是不可数名词.
c。theUnitedStates,theUnitedNations应视为单数。
d。某些疾病mumps腮腺炎measles麻疹
e.活动名称billiards/cards/darts
10。-表示由两部分构成的东西
-以ing结尾的词
如:glass,trours,clothes,slippers若表达具体数目,要借助数量词pair;
suit,
apairofglass;twopairsoftrours。谓语单复数取决于数量词pair单复数。
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-其他复数belongings;surroundings;doings;earnings;findings;savings;;
contents;arms;fireworks;wages;forces;remains;valuables;stairs;sweets
11.复合名词的复数
a。由man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式前后都变复数
Womanteacher-womenteachers
b。中间无连字号也没间隔的复合名词变复数,将最后一个名词变复数
houwife—houwives;greenhou—greenhou
c。中间有连字符号或间隔的复合名词,将主要的词变成复数
pasr—by-pasrs—by;mother-in-law-mothers-in-law
d.复合名词中的单词没有名词时,则在最后一个单词的词尾+s
go-between—go—betweens,has-been-has—beens(过时的人或物)
12.用复数的固定词组
thanksto;giveregardsto;takepains;withbestwishes;havewordswith;in
highspirits;inalldirections;shakehandswithsb;makepreparationsfor;make
friendswith;congratulations(tosb)on(doing)sth
常见的不可数名词有:
——物质/材料:air;beancurd;beef;blood;bread;butter;chalk;chicken;chocolate;cloth;coal;coffee;corn;
cream;daylight;cotton;dirt;dust;energy;chee;fibre;fog;food;fruit;flesh;four;glass;gold;grain;
grass;hair;honey;iron;kerone;lightning;meat;milk;money;moustache;mud;music;mutton;hay;
oxygen;paper;pork;porridge;powder;rain;ice;rubbish;salt;sauce;silver;steam;steel;storage;sugar;
sunri;sweat;thirst;thunder;water;wheat;wind;wood;wool;soap;vinegar;wine;soup;
baggage;clothing;furniture;luggage;jewelry;equipment;electricity;homework;
—-抽象:time;noi;information;knowledge;progress;trouble;fun;courage;luck;patience;poverty;wealth;
traffic;waste;
quality;advice;attention;business;citizenship;danger;darkness;death;depth;damage;comfort;education;
disappointment;
experience(经验);freedom;future,goodness,graduation;grammar;happiness;health;hunger;imagination;importance;
justice;kindness;luck;measure;labour;humor;permission;pressure;practice;pleasure;population;sickness;smoking;
sorrow;starvation;treatment;truth;u;willingness;wisdom;weather;work;houwork;pollution;
****【牢记以下纯不可数名词永远不能与不定冠词连用:weather,fun
...........
,
.
space
.....
(太空
...
)
.
,
.
advice
......
,
.
word=news,
..........
progress,information,news
.........................
】
不可数名词也可以直接加—s等表示复数,但它的意义也有所变化,用来指一些具体的事物.
—-Cakeisakindoffood.蛋糕是一种食物。(不可数)--Thecakesaresweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。(可数)
--Thisfactoryproducessteel.这个工厂生产钢铁。(不可数)——Weneedvarioussteels.我们需要各种钢材。(可数)
--Ourcountryisfamousfortea。我国因茶叶而闻名。(不可数)--Twoteas,plea。请来两杯茶。(可数)
water(水)-waters(水域),
a(海)—as(海域)
sand(沙子)—sands(沙漠)
wood(木头)-woods(树林)
damage(毁坏)-damages(赔偿金)
good(好处)-goods(货物)
time(时间)-times(时代)
custom(风俗)—customs(海关)
minute(分钟)-minutes(记录)
advice(建议)-advices(通知)
force(力量)-forces(军队)
return(回来)-returns(统计表)
green(绿色)-greens(青菜)
light(光)-lights(灯)
iron(铁)—irons(熨斗)
glass(玻璃)—glass(玻璃杯)
freedom(自由)—fourfreedoms(特指“四大自由")
necessity(必要性)-necessities(生活必需品)
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manner(态度)-manners(礼貌)
exerci(锻炼)—exercis(体操、练习)
paper(纸)-papers(文件)
character(性格)-characters(汉字、符号)
modernization(现代化)—thefourmodernizations(特指“四个现代化")
spirit(精神)—inhighspirits(情绪)
custom(习俗)—customs(海关)
experience(经验)—experiences(经历)
****修饰可数名词不可数名词的词或短语
只修饰可数名词的词或短语:
Many;veral;few/afew;agreat(good)many;anumberof;alarge(great)numberof;(large/great)numbersof
只修饰不可数名词的词或短语:
Muchlittleagreatamountofalittleabitofagood(great)dealof
修饰可数名词和不可数名词的词或短语:
Someenoughmostalotoflotsofplentyof
Muchtoo+ch+n
****可转化为可数名词的抽象名词
抽象名词一般为不可数名词,不能和冠词连用,但以下这些抽象名词加a/an表示具体的事物或人
honour;death;pleasure;success;failure;comfort;surpri;worry;beauty;wonder;envy;shock;shame;
regret;joy;danger;shame;pity;experience;
抽象名词部分
+抽象名词=相应的形容词
+表示大小、长短、深度、高度、年龄、颜色、材料
+height/length/size/width/depth
our/bythedozen
/in/by/on+(great+)抽象名词=(very+)副词
Amanofn=ansibleman;…ofwealth=awealthyman;…ofexperience=anexperienced;…ofcourage=a
courageous
dressareofdifferentmaterials。
Thelakeisabout60metersindepth。Theropeis10metersinlength.
Wearepaidbythehour。Energyismeasuredincalories.
ImetLisabyaccident(=accidentally)inLondon.
不可数名词的计量形式:
不可数名词没有词形变化,需要计量时,可
用of连接相应的表量单位词,并加以数词
和变表量单位词为复数的形式来表示
aglassofwaterapieceofbread
twoglassofwaterfourpiecesofbread
❖但现代英语中,单位词的用法有变化twocoffees(=twocupsofcoffee);twoices(=twopiecesofice)
不可
chalkacakeofsoap
jewelleryadropofwater
newsafitofanger
breadalumpofsugar
阳性+ess,
ine等表阴
性
actor-actress;prince-princess
waiter—waitress;hero-heroine
host-hostess;emperor-empress
author—authoress;poet—poetess
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数名
词表
量的
形式
furnitureasliceofcake
equipmentaglassofwine
apieceofluggageasuitofclothes
informationasackofflour
adviceanarticleoffurniture
clothingabarofchocolate
paperaloafofbread
mailaburstoflaughter
名
词
的
性
以er,or结
尾表主
动;以ee
结尾表被
动
trainer-trainee;employer-employee
examiner-examinee;tester-testee
interviewer-interviewee;
investigator—investigatee;
promisor(立约者)—promie(守约
者)
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