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句子成分;简单句、并列句和复合句
一、句子成分
(一)句子成分的定义:构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次
要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
(二)主语:主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问
句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名
词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如:
Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.(名词)
WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.(代词)
One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.(数词)
Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.(不定式)
Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.(动名词)
Therichshouldhelpthepoor.(名词化的形容词)
WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.(主语从句)
Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)
(三)谓语:谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般
放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:
1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.
2、复合谓语:(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:Youmaykeepthebook
aughtabadcold.(2)由系动词加表语构成。如:Wearestudents.
(四)表语:表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be,become,
get,look,grow,turn,em等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、
动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如:
OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.(名词)
Isityours?(代词)
Theweatherhasturnedcold.(形容词)
Thespeechixciting.(分词)
Threetimesvenistwentyone?(数词)
HisjobistoteachEnglish.(不定式)
Hishobby(爱好)isplayingfootball.(动名词)
Themachinemustbeoutoforder.(介词短语)
ssisover.(副词)
Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.(表语从句)
(五)宾语:宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如:
Theywenttoeanexhibition(展览)yesterday.(名词)
Theheavyrainpreventedmeformcomingtoschoolontime.(代词)
Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.(数词)
Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouworkyesterday.(名词化形容词)
Hepretendednottoeme.(不定式短语)
Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.(动名词短语)
Ithink(that)heisfitforhisoffice.(宾语从句)
宾语种类:(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),例如:Lendmeyourdictionary,plea.
(2)复合宾语(宾语+宾补),例如:Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.
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(六)宾语补足语:英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补
语,才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如make等+
宾语+宾补)。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如:
HisfathernamedhimDongming.(名词)
Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.(形容词)
Letthefreshairin.(副词)
Youmustn'tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.(不定式短语)
Wesawherenteringtheroom.(现在分词)
Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.(介词短语)
Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.(从句)
(七)定语:修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示:
Guilinisabeautifulcity.(形容词)
Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.(分词)
Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.(名词)
HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprid.(代词)
Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.(不定式短语)
Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.(动名词)
HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.(介词短语)
(八)状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,
叫做状语。可由以下形式表示:
Lighttravelsmostquickly.(副词及副词性词组)
Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.(介词短语)
Heisproudtohavepasdthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.(不定式短语)
Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.(分词短语)
Waitaminute.(名词)
Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.(状语从句)
状语种类如下:
Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?(时间状语)
Lastnightshedidn'tgotothedancepartybecauoftherain.(原因状语)
Ishallgothereifitdoesn'train.(条件状语)
MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.(地点状语)
Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.(方式状语)
Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.(伴随状语)
Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.(目的状语)
Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.(结果状语)
Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.(让步状语)
Iamtallerthanheis.(比较状语)
二、简单句、并列句和复合句
(一)句子种类两种分类法
1、按句子的用途可分四种:
1)陈述句(肯定、否定):Heissixyearsold;Shedidn'thearofyoubefore.
2)疑问句(一般、特殊、选择、反意):Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorven
yearsold?Marycanswim,can'tshe?
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3)祈使句:Becareful,boys;Don'ttalkinclass
4)感叹句:Howclevertheboyis!
2、按句子的结构可分三种:
1)简单句:只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。
nreadsEnglishinthemorning.
TomandMikeareAmericanboys.
Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.
2)并列句:由并列连词(and,but,or等)或分号(;)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在
一起构成。
phimandhehelpsyou.
Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。
3)复合句:含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含:名词性从句(主语从句、
宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、定语从句和状语从句等。
eignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.
(二)简单句的五种基本句型
1、主语+系动词+表语:tudent.
2、主语+不及物动词:.
3、主语+及物动词+宾语:oughtadictionary.
4、主语+及物动词+双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语):erboughtmeacar.
5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语(宾语+宾补):ethebabylaugh.
注:其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。
(三)并列句的分类
1、表示连接两个同等概念,常用and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,then等连接。
cher'snameisSmith,andthestudent'snameisJohn.
2、表示选择,常用的连词有or,either…or…,otherwi等。p,oryou'llmissthe
train.
3、表示转折,常用的连词有but,still,however,yet,while,when等。littleman
withthickglass,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasslivelyandinteresting.
4、表示因果关系,常用的连词有so,for,therefore等。isthetimeoftheyear
forriveharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.
按要求完成下列句子:
stotellthetruth.(改为否定句)
velivedhereformorethantenyears.(对画线部分提问)
illbeasportsmeetattheendofthismonth,____________?(完成反意疑问)
tbecarefulwithyourpronunciation.(改为祈使句)
ntforawalkaftersupperyesterdayevening.(改为一般疑问句)
interestingstory.(改为感叹句)
gazinecomesout(出版)everyotherweek.(对画线部分提问)
uldhardlybelievehiswords,____________?(完成反意疑问)
nisshiningbrightly.(改为感叹句)
lishteacherisalwayncouragingustospeakEnglishinclass.(对画线部分提
问)
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答案n'tdaretotellthetruth.或ghavetheylived
here?'ygoforawalkaftersupper
yesterdayevening?interestingstory(itis)!或Howinterestingthestoryis!
oftendoesthismagazinecomeout?ghtlythemoonisshining!
alwayncouragingustospeakEnglishinclass?
Ihopeyouareverywell(复合句).I'mfine,buttired(简单句).Rightnowitisthesummer
vacationandI'mhelpingmyDadonthefarm(并列句).Augustisthehottestmonthhere(简单
句).Itisthetimeofyearforthericeharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.(并列句)
Sometimeswegoonworkingafterdarkbythelightsofourtractors(简单句).Wegrowriceinthe
southoftheStates,butinthenorthwhereitiscoldertheygrowwheat(并列复合句).Wehavea
lotofmachinesonthefarm(简单句).Althoughthefarmislarge,myDadhasonlytwomen
workingforhim(复合句).Butheemploysmoremenfortheharvest(简单句).Mybrothertakes
careofthevegetablegarden(简单句).Itdoesn'toftenraininthesummerhere(简单句).Asa
result,wehavetowaterthevegetablegarden(简单句).Everyeveningwepumpwaterfroma
well(简单句).Itthenrunsalongchannelstodifferentpartsofthegarden(简单句).
MostSaturdayeveningsthereisaparty,evenatharvesttime(简单句).Thepartiesoften
makeusveryhappy(简单句).Wecookmeatonanopenfireoutside(简单句).It'sgreat(简
单句)!Americanatalotofmeat-toomuchinmyopinion(简单句).Someofmyfriendsdrink
beer(简单句).Idon't,becauIhavetodrivehomeaftertheparty(复合句).Inyourletteryou
askedaboutthetimeindifferentareasoftheStates(简单句).Therearefivedifferenttimeareasin
theStates(简单句).InmystatewearefourteenhoursbehindBeijingtime(简单句).Howmany
differenttimeareasdoyouhaveinChina(简单句)?Well,Imuststopandgetsomesleep(简单
句).Pleagivemybestregardstoyourparents(简单句).
callon号召,拜访(某人)
callat拜访、参观(某地)
callfor去叫某人,要求,需要
callup使回忆起,征召入伍
callin召集,请某人来
callout大喊,高叫
calloff取消,不举行
1)Doctorsareoftencalled_____inthemiddleofthewar.
2)Pleawaitformeathome.I'llcall_______youatyourhouatventonight.
3)Thetrainscalls_______veralbigcitiesbetweenBeijingandGuangzhou.
4)Hecalledhername__________,butshedidn'tanswer.
5)Thesportsmeetwascalled____onaccountoftherain.
(in,for,at,out,off)
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