2021考研

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2021年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题

SectionIUofEnglish

Directions:

thebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonthe

ANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathastodowithshort-termmemoryandtheabilitytothinkquickly,

logically,1inyoungadulthood,levelsoutfora

periodoftime,3

agingisinevitable,scientistsarefindingoutthatcertainchangesinbrainfunctionmaynotbe.

Onestudyfoundthatmusclelossandthe4ofbodyfataroundtheabdomenareassociatedwithadeclinein

ggeststhe5thatlifestylefactorsmighthelppreventor6thistypeofdecline.

Therearcherslookedatdatathat7measurementsofleanmuscleandabdominalfatfrom

morethan4,000middle-to-older-agedmenandwomenand8thatdatatoreported

undthatmiddle-agedpeople

9highermeasuresofabdominalfat10woronmeasuresoffluidintelligenceastheyears

11.

Forwomen,theassociationmaybe12tochangesinimmunitythatresultedfromexcessabdominal

fat;inmen,pedthatfuturestudiescould14the

differencesandperhapsleadtodifferent15formenandwomen.

16,therearestepsyoucan17tohelpreduceabdominalfatandmaintainlean

highlyrecommended

lifestyleapproachesaremaintainingorincreasingyour19ofaerobicexerciand

followingaMediterranean-style20thatishighinfiberandeliminateshighly

procesdfoods.

1.[A]paus

2.[A]generally

[B]returns

[B]formally

[C]fades

[C]accidentally

[D]peaks

[D]alternatively

3.[A]since[B]while[C]once[D]until

4.[A]detection[B]consumption[C]accumulation[D]paration

5.[A]decision[B]possibility[C]goal[D]requirement

6.[A]ensure[B]delay[C]ek[D]utilize

7.[A]modified[B]supported[C]predicted[D]included

8.[A]devoted[B]converted[C]compared[D]applied

9.[A]above[B]with[C]by[D]against

10.[A]lived[B]managed[C]played[D]scored

11.[A]wentby[B]toff[C]drewin[D]ranout

12.[A]superior[B]parallel[C]attributable[D]resistant

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13.[A]restored[B]isolated[C]controlled

14.[A]explain[B]spread[C]remove

15.[A]treatments[B]symptoms[C]demands

16.[A]Likewi[B]Therefore[C]Meanwhile

17.[A]take[B]watch[C]count

18.[A]process[B]wellbeing[C]formation

19.[A]love[B]level[C]knowledge

20.[A]design[B]diet[C]prescription

[D]involved

[D]alter

[D]compensations

[D]Instead

[D]change

[D]coordination

[D]space

[D]routine

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,ur

answersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

HowcanBritain’strainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincrearailpasngerfares?Ithasbecomea

grimlyreliableannualritual:everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainris,imposingasignificantextraburden

ontar’sri,anaverageof2.7

percent,maybeafractionlowerthanlastyear’s,butitisstillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)

measureofinflation.

Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasonthegroundsthatthecostofinvestinginand

runningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythowhouit,,theargument

goes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfromLincolnshirehavetosubsidithedailycommuteofastockbrokerfrom

Surrey?Equally,thereisanthatthetravailsofcommutersintheSouthEast,manyofwhomwillfaceamongthe

biggestris,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothowhomustenduretherelativelypoor

infrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth.

However,overthepast12months,th

isallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementstheyaremakingtothenetwork,but

pasngersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofrviceforthe

ponsibilityforthelatestwaveofstrikesrestson

r,thereisastrongcathatthowhohavebeenworstaffectedbyindustrialactionshouldreceive

compensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.

TheGovernmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumrvicerequirementsothat,evenwhen

strikesoccur,ouldformpartofawiderpackageofmeasurestoaddressthe

long-runningproblemsonBritain’,moreinvestmentisneeded,butpasngerswillnotbewillingtopay

moreindefinitelyiftheymustalsoendurecramped,unreliablervices,interruptedbyregularchaoswhentimetablesare

changed,eatofnationalisationmayhavebeenenofffor

now,butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthejustifiedangerofpasngersisnotaddresd

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inshortorder.

horholdsthatthisyear’sincreainrailpasngersfares.

[A]haskeptpacewithinflation

[B]remainsanunreasonablemeasure

[C]isabigsurpritocommuters

[D]willeatrainoperators’burden

ckbrokerinParagraph2isudtostandfor.

[A]localinvestors

[B]ordinarytaxpayers

[C]cardrivers

[D]railtravellers

dicatedinParagraph3thattrainoperators.

[A]havefailedtoprovideanadequatervice

[B]havesufferedhugelossowingtothestrikes

[C]areofferingcompensationstocommuters

[D]aretyingtorepairrelationswiththeunions

letocalmdownpasngers,therailwaysmayhavetoface.

[A]thelossofinvestment

[B]thecollapofoperations

[C]achangeofownership

[D]areductionofrevenue

fthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?

[B]ConstantComplainingDoesn’tWork

[C]Ever-risingFaresAren’tSustainable

[D]CanNationalisationBringHope?

Text2

LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowthatIndonesia’sbleakrateofdeforestationhasslowedinpace.

Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethecountry’santipovertyprogram.

In2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginaprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidentsundercertain

conditions,conditionalcash

transfersorCCTs,thesocialassistanceprogramsaredesignedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleof

’nesia,theprogramhasprovidedenough

foodandmedicinetosubstantiallyreduceveregrowthproblemsamongchildren.

ButCCTprogramsdon’,povertyalleviationand

environmentalprotectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,

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aneconomistatJohnsHopkinsUniversity.

That’sbecaueconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmentaldegradation,whileprotectingthe

r,thocorrelationsdon’

onlypreviousstudyanalyzingcausality,badonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,supportedthetraditional

,aspeoplegotmoremoney,someofthemmayhavemoreclearedlandforcattletoraiformeat,Ferrarosays.

Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffecttheenvironment,owantedtoeifIndonesia’s

siahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestinthe

worldandoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.

Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannualforestlossfrom2008to2012—includingduringIndonesia’s

pha-inoftheantipovertyprogram—in7,468forestedvillagesacross15provinces.“Weethattheprogramis

associatedwitha30percentreductionindeforestation,”Ferrarosays.

That’slikelybecautheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepoliciesagainstinclement

weather,lly,ifrainsaredelayed,peoplemayclearlandtoplantmorericetosupplementtheir

eCCTs,individualsinsteadcanuthemoneytosupplementtheirharvests.

Whetherthisrearchtranslatelwhereisanybody’osuggeststheresultsmaytransferto

otherpartsofAsia,duardlessof

transferability,thestudyshowsthatwhat’thisprogram

didn’treducepoverty,Ferrarosays,

“thevalueoftheavoideddeforestationjustforcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts.”

ingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,CCTprogramsaimto.

[A]helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroff

[B]facilitatehealthcarereform

[C]improvelocaleducationsystems

[D]lowerdeforestationrates

dybadonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthat.

[A]cattlerearinghasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodforthepoor

[B]CCTprogramshavehelpedprervetraditionallifestyles

[C]economicgrowthtendstocauenvironmentaldegradation

[D]antipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmers

tudyaboutIndonesia,Ferrarointendstofindout.

[A]itsannualrateofpovertyalleviation

[B]therelationofCCTstoitsforestloss

[C]theroleofitsforestsinclimatechange

[D]itsacceptancelevelofCCTs

ingtoFerraro,theCCTprograminIndonesiaismostvaluableinthat.

[A]itcanboostgrainproduction

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[B]itcanprotecttheenvironment

[C]itwillreduceregionalinequality

[D]itwillbenefitotherAsiancountries

thetextcenteredon?

[A]Theprocessofastudy.

[B]Thetransferabilityofastudy.

[C]Thedebatesoveraprogram.

[D]Theeffectsofaprogram.

Text3

Asahistorianwho’salwaysarchingforthetextortheimagethatmakesusre-evaluatethepast,I’vebecome

preoccupiedwithlookingforphotographsthatshowourVictorianancestorssmiling(whatbetterwaytoshatterthe

imageof19th-centuryprudery?).I’vefoundquiteafew,

and—sinceIstartedpostingthemonTwitter—havebeensurprid

toeevidencethatVictorianshadfunandcould,anddid,enotingthattheVictorianssuddenlyemtobecome

morehumanasthehundred-or-soyearsthatparateusfadeawaythroughourcommonexperienceoflaughter.

Ofcour,Ineedtoconcedethatmycollectionof‘SmilingVictorians’makesuponlyatinypercentageofthevast

catalogueofphotographicportraiturecreatedbetween1840and1900,themajorityofwhichshowsitters

posingmirablyandstifflyinfrontofpaintedbackdrops,

doweexplainthistrend?

Duringthe1840sand1850s,intheearlydaysofphotography,exposuretimeswerenotoriouslylong:

thedaguerreotypephotographicmethod(producinganimageonasilveredcopperplate)couldtakeveral

minutestocomplete,resulughtof

holdingafixedgrinasthecameraperformeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchtocontemplate,andsoanon-

committalblankstarebecamethenorm.

Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s,andtheintroductionoftheBoxBrownieandother

portablecamerasmeantthat,thoughslowbytoday’sdigitalstandards,theexposurewasalmostinstantaneous.

Spontaneoussmileswererelativelyeasytocapturebythe1890s,sowemustlookelwhereforanexplanationof

whyVictoriansstillhesitatedtosmile.

Oneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayedthroughacheesygrin.“Naturegaveuslipsto

concealourteeth,”ranonepopularVictoriansaying,alludingtothefactthatbeforethebirthofproperdentistry,

ingtofhealthyandclean,regular‘pearlywhites’was

araresightinVictoriansociety,theprerveofthesuper-rich(andeventhen,dentalhygienewasnotguaranteed).

Atoothygrin(especiallywhenthereweregapsorblackenedteeth)lackedclass:drunks,trampsandmusic

hallperformersmightgurnandgrinwithasmileaswideasLewisCarrol’sgum-exposingCheshireCat,butit

rkTwain,amanwhoenjoyedaheartylaugh,saidthat

whenitcametophotographicportraitstherecouldbe“nothingmoredamningthanasilly,foolishsmilefixed

forever”.

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ingtoParagraph1,theauthor’spostsonTwitter.

[A]illustratedthedevelopmentofVictorianphotography

[B]highlightedsocialmedia’sroleinVictorianstudies

[C]re-evaluatedtheVictorians’notionofpublicimage

[D]changedpeople’simpressionoftheVictorians

estheauthorsayabouttheVictorianportraitshehascollected?

[A]Theyarerareamongphotographsofthatage.

[B]Theyshoweffectsofdifferentexposuretimes.

[C]Theymirror19th-centurysocialconventions.

[D]Theyareinpopularuamonghistorians.

ghthavekepttheVictoriansfromsmilingforpicturesinthe1890s?

[A]Theirinherentsocialnsitiveness.

[B]Theirtensionbeforethecamera.

[C]Theirunhealthydentalcondition.

[D]Theirdistrustofnewinventions.

ainisquotedtoshowthatthedisapprovalofsmilesinpictureswas.

[A]athought-provokingidea

[B]amisguidedattitude

[C]acontroversialview

[D]adeep-rootedbelief

fthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextanswer?

[A]WhydidmostVictorianslooksterninphotographs?

[B]WhendidtheVictoriansstarttoviewphotographydifferently?

[C]WhatmadephotographydevelopslowlyintheVictorianperiod?

[D]Howdidsmilinginphotographsbecomeapost-Victoriannorm?

Text4

Fromtheearlydaysofbroadband,advocatesforconsumersandweb-badcompaniesworriedthatthe

cableandphonecompaniesllingbroadbandconnectionshadthepowerandincentivetofavoraffiliatedwebsitesover

theirrivals’.That’swhytherehasbeensuchastrongdemandforrulesthatwouldpreventbroadbandprovidersfrom

pickingwinnersandlorsonline,prervingthefreedomandinnovationthathavebeenthelifebloodoftheinternet.

Yetthatdemandhasbeenalmostimpossibletofill—inpartbecauofpushbackfrombroadband

providers,alappealscourtweighedinagainTuesday,but

insteadofprovidingabadlyneededresolution,fAppeals

fortheDistrictofColumbiaCircuitwasthelatesttakeoftheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)on

netneutrality,ublican-pennedordernotonlyeliminatedthe

strictnetneutralityrulestheFCChadadoptedwhenithadaDemocraticmajorityin2015,butrejectedthe

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commission’eralsodeclaredthatstateand

localgovernmentscouldn’tregulatebroadbandproviderither.

Thecommissionarguedthatotheragencieswouldprotectagainstanti-competitivebehavior,suchasa

broadband-providingconglomeratelikeAT&Tfavoringitsownvideo-streamingrviceattheexpenofNetflixand

FCCalsoendedtheinvestigationsofbroadbandprovidersthatimpoddatacapsontheirrivals’

streamingrvicesbutnottheirown.

OnTuesday,theappealscourtunanimouslyupheldthe2017orderderegulatingbroadbandproviders,citing

gePatriciaMillett

rightlyarguedinaconcurringopinionthat“theresultisunhingedfromtherealitiesofmodernbroadband

rvice,”andsaidCongressortheSupremeCourtcouldinterveneto“avoidtrappingInternetregulationin

technologicalanachronism.”

Inthemeantime,thecourtthrewouttheFCC’sattempttoblockallstaterulesonnetneutrality,while

prervingthecommission’ans

morebattlesliketheonenowgoingonbetweentheJusticeDepartmentandCalifornia,whichenactedatoughnet

neutralitylawinthewakeoftheFCC’sabdication.

Theendstogivethe

commissionexplicitauthorityonceandforalltobarbroadbandprovidersfrommeddlinginthetrafficontheir

networkandtocreateclearrulesprotectingopennessandinnovationonline.

aslongbeenconcernthatbroadbandprovideswould.

[A]bringweb-badfirmsundercontrol

[B]slowdownthetrafficontheirnetwork

[C]showpartialityintreatingclients

[D]intensifycompetitionwiththeirrivals

iththedemandfornetneutralityrules,theFCC.

[A]stickstoanout-of-dateorder

[B]takesananti-regulatorystance

[C]hasissuedaspecialresolution

[D]hasallowedthestatestointervene

nbelearnedaboutAT&TfromParagraph3?

[A]Itprotectsagainstunfaircompetition.

[B]Itengagesinanti-competitivepractices.

[C]ItisundertheFCC’sinvestigation.

[D]Itisinpursuitofqualityrvice.

atriciaMillettarguesthattheappealscourt’sdecision.

[A]focusontrivialities

[B]conveysanambiguousmessage

[C]isatoddswithitarlierrulings

[D]isoutoftouchwithreality

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estheauthorargueinthelastparagraph?

[A]Congressneedstotakeactiontoensurenetneutrality.

[B]TheFCCshouldbeputunderstrictsupervision.

[C]Rulesneedtobettodiversifyonlinervices.

[D]Broadbandproviders’rightsshouldbeprotected.

PartB

Directions:Inthefollowingtext,stions41-45,choothemost

retwoextrachoices,whichdonot

uranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Inthemoviesandontelevision,artificialintelligence(AI)istypicallydepictedassomethingsinisterthatwill

comestoAIinbusiness，weoftenhearaboutitinrelationtoautomationandthe

impendinglossofjobs，butinwhatwaysisAlchangingcompaniesandthelargereconomythatdon’tinvolvedoom-

and-gloommassunemploymentpredictions?

ArecentsurveyofmanufacturingandrviceindustriesfromTataConsultancyServicesfoundthat

companiescurrentlyuAImoreoftenincomputer-to-computeractivitiesthaninautomatinghumanactivities.

HereareafewwaysAIisaidingcompanieswithoutreplacingemployees:

Betterhiringpractices

Companiesareusingartificialintelligencetoremovesomeoftheunconsciousbiasfromhiringdecisions.

“Thereareexperimentsthatshowthat,naturally,theresultsofinterviewsaremuchmorebiadthanwhatAIdoes,”

saysPedroDomingos,authorofTheMasterAlgorithm:

HowtheQuestfortheUltimateLearningMachineWillRemakeOurWorldandacomputerscienceprofessor

tion,“(41)”

Onecompanythat’analyticstohelpidentifywheretheremaybebiasinthe

hiringprocess.

Moreeffectivemarketing

SomeAIsoftwarecanpany

intheUK,Phrae,claimstheirsoftwarecanoutperformhumansbyupto10percentwhenitcomestoemailopenrates.

Thiscanmeanmillionsmoreinrevenue.(42)

Theare“toolsthathelppeopleudata,notareplacementforpeople,”n,aprofessorof

artificialintelligenceandcomputerscienceatMIT.

Savingcustomersmoney

EnergycompaniescanuAItohelpcustomersreducetheirelectricitybills,savingthemmoneywhile

iescanalsooptimizetheirownenergyuandcutdownonthecostofelectricity.

Insurancecompanies,meanwhile,os

says,“(43)”

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Improvedaccuracy

“Machinelearningoftenprovidesamorereliableformofstatistics,whichmakesdatamorevaluable,”says

“helpspeoplemakesmarterdecisions.”(44)

Protectingandmaintaininginfrastructure

Anumberofcompanies,particularlyinenergyandtransportation,uAIimageprocessingtechnologyto

inspectinfrastructureandpreventequipmentfailureorleaksbeforetheyhappen.“Iftheyfailfirst

andthenyoufixthem,it’sveryexpensive,”saysDomingos.

“(45)”

[A]’redoingrearch,youcanhaveAIgooutandlookforrelevant

sourcesandinformationthatotherwiyoujustwouldn’thavetimefor.

[B]TherearealsocompanieslikeAcquisio,whichanalyzesadvertisingperformanceacross

multiplechannelslikeAdwords,Bingandsocialmediaandmakesadjustmentsorsuggestionsabout

whereadvertisingfundswillyieldbestresults.

[C]Oneaccountingfirm,EY,ocess,along

withemployeesreviewingthecontracts,isfasterandmoreaccurate.

[D]Youwanttopredictifsomethingneedsattentionnowandpointtowhereit’sufulforemployeestogoto.

[E]We’realsogivingourcustomersbetterchannelsversuspickingupthephonetoaccomplishsomething

beyondhumanscale.

[F]Before,theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskorchargethemtoomuch,ortheywouldchargethem

toolittleandthenitwouldcostthecompanymoney.

[G]AIlooksatrésumésingreaternumbersthanhumanswouldbeableto,andlectsthemorepromising

candidates.

PartC

Directions:Readthefollowi

youranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

WorldWarIIwasthewatershedeventforhighereducationinmodernWesternsocieties.(46)Thosocieties

cameoutofthewarwithlevelsofenrollmentthathadbeenroughlyconstantat

3-5%erthewar,greatsocialandpoliticalchangesarising

outofthesuccessfulwaragainstFascismcreatedagrowingdemandinEuropeanandAmericaneconomiesfor

increasingnumbersofgraduateswithmorethanacondaryschooleducation.(47)Andthedemandthatroin

thosocietiesforentrytohighereducationextendedtogroupsandsocialclassthathadnotthoughtofattendinga

emandsresultedinaveryrapidexpansionofthesystemsofhighereducation,

beginninginthe1960sanddevelopingveryrapidly(thoughunevenly)duringthe1970sand1980s.

Thegrowthofhighereducationmanifestsitlfinatleastthreequitedifferentways,andtheinturn

asfirsttherateofgrow:t(h48)

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inmanycountriesofWesternEurope,thenumbersofstudentsinhighereducationdoubledwithinfive-yearperiods

duringthe1960sanddoubledagaininven,eight,,growthobviously

rd,growthwasreflectedinchangesin

theproportionoftherelevantagegroupenrolledininstitutionsofhighereducation.

Eachofthmple,ahigh

growthrateplacedgreatstrainsontheexistingstructuresofgovernance,ofadministration,andaboveallof

acultyordepartmentgrowsfrom,say,fiveto20memberswithinthreeorfouryears,(49)and

whenthenewstaffarepredominantlyyoungmenandwomenfreshfrompostgraduatestudy,theylargelydefinethe

hepostgraduatestudentpopulationalsogrowsrapidlyandthereislossofa

cloapprenticeshiprelationshipbetweenfacultymembersandstudents,thestudentculturebecomesthechief

socializingforcefornewpostgraduatestudents,withconquencesfortheintellectualandacademiclifeofthe

institution—thiswaseninAmericaaswellasinFrance,Italy,WestGermany,andJapan.(50)Highgrowthrates

increadthechancesforacademicinnovation;theyalsoweakenedtheformsandprocessbywhichteachers

andstudentsareadmit1960sand

1970s,Europeanuniversitiessawmarkedchangesintheirgovernancearrangements,withtheempowermentof

juniorfacultyandtosomedegreeofstudentsaswell.

SectionIIIWriting

PartA

ions:

Aforeignfriendof

him/heranemailtomakesomesuggestions.

Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.

Donotsignyourownnameintheemail;u“LiMing”instead.(10points)

PartB

ions:

essay,youshould

1)describethepicturebriefly,

2)interprettheimpliedmeaning,and

3)giveyourcomments.

WriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)

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2021年试题答案速查表

SectionIUofEnglish(10points)

1.D2.A3.B4.C5.B6.B7.D8.C9.B10.D

11.A12.C13.D14.A15.A16.C17.A18.B19.B20.B

SectionIIReadingComprehension(60points)

PartA(40points)Text

1

21.B22.D23.A24.C25.C

Text2

26.A27.C28.B29.B30.D

Text3

31.D32.A33.C34.D35.A

Text4

36.C37.B38.B39.D40.A

PartB(10points)

41.G42.B43.F44.C45.D

PartC(10points)

46.这些经历了二战的国家，战前数十年适龄人口的高校入学率一直维持在3%至5%左右。

但战后，反法西斯战争的胜利带来了巨大的社会变化和政治变革，在欧美经济实体中，亟需越来

越多具有中学教育程度以上的毕业生。

47.在这些国家里，接受高等教育的需求日益高涨，已扩展到战前从未想过接受大学教育的各个

团体以及社会阶层。

48.在西欧很多国家，20世纪60年代接受高等教育的学生数量在五年内增加了一倍。在20

世纪70年代中期，又在七年、八年或十年内再次增倍。

49.并且当新员工主要是刚刚毕业的研究生时，他们就在很大程度上确定了该院系学术生活

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的规范。

50.高增长率增加了学术创新的机会，但它们也削弱了教师和学生在稳定期或缓慢增长期间被

纳入学术团队的形式和过程。