高考英语指导：非谓语动词三步解题法

非谓语动词

遇到有关非谓语动词的单选题，可以根据句中的搭配结构、非谓语的主被动形式和非谓语的“时态”三个角度，从语言的结构到语义由简单到复杂依次排选。

第一步：根据非谓语形式在句中可作的成分来分析空白处可填入的非谓语形式，看能否在不定式、分词和动名词几个形式之间先排除一个或几个。

非谓语动词在句中可作成分一览表

主语
宾语
表语
定语
状语
宾补
不定式
√
√
√
√
√
√
分词


√
√
√
√
动名词
√
√
√
√


注：1).the(分词也可用作主语和宾语；

2).现在分词完成式不作定语。

1． 非谓语形式作主语或宾语时，除“the(分词”外一般只能用不定式或动名词。其中不定式作介词的宾语时要使用“特殊疑问词(不定式”结构。

例如：1).It’s very kind of you to help us.

2).Fighting broke out between the South and the North.

3).The driver failed to e other cars at the moment .

4).Plea show us how to do that.

2． 作状语时，不定式表示目的以及so/as?to do和(only)to do中的结果状语，其它状语都用分词来表示。

例如：1).To sleep late the next morning,he turned off the alarm clock.

（“非谓语(主句”模式中，非谓语在句首而且由逗号与主句隔开，此句中的不定式只作目的状语；此时的分词表示时间、原因或条件状语，有时分词前可加when,while,if,before, after,as和though等连词，如：①Given more attention,the trees could have grown better. ②When asked,never be silent.）

2).He came here only to say good-bye to us.

（不定式在句中作目的状语时它前面不能用逗号）

3).He spoke a lot at the conference,only to show his ignorance on the topic.

（不定式在主句之后，又有逗号与主句隔开时常用(only)to do形式表示出乎主语意料的结果）

第二步：在第一步的基础上从非谓语的主被动形式这个角度进行筛选。

1． 非谓语用作主语或状语时，一般根据它们的逻辑主语来判断主被动形式的选用；若无逻辑主语，则以主句主语为判断对象。

例如：1).Using the dictionary,I found it of great u.

（作状语的分词逻辑主语和主句主语相同时，逻辑主语常省去）

2).It’s so nice to hear your voice.

3).Seeing is believing.

（不带逻辑主语的不定式或动名词作主语时，通常看作第一人称的逻辑主语省略）

注意以下特殊情况中非谓语一律用主动式：

①主语(系动词(形容词(不定式

②need/want/require(需要) (doing

③be worth doing

2． 作宾语或表语时，要根据主句主语来分析主被动形式。

例如：1).The little girl would like to be brought to the State with her brother.

2).His story in the jungle is very exciting.

3． 作定语时，应根据被修饰词来选用主被动形式。

例如：1).I have a room to paint,so I can’t go out for a picnic with them.

2).We have a room to be can we find a worker?

(当句中出现了作定语的不定式动词的执行者时用主动式，否则用被动式)

4． 作宾补的非谓语主被动形式要根据非谓语动词与宾语的关系来确定。

例如：1).Don’t have the water running like that.

2).She sat alone in the room,with her eyes fixed on the ceiling.

第三步：经过第一、二两步分析仍未能作出最后选择时，可能会剩下不定式和分词内部不同的式之间的选择，即非谓语的“时态”，这时可通过比较非谓语动词和谓语动词所发生的先后来判别。

1． 不定式的一般式to do/to be done常用在

①表示非谓语动词发生在谓语之后；

例如：1).I hope to e you again soon.

2).Who do you think our teacher will have work on the wall-newspaper?

②表示与谓语动词同时发生的一个全过程动作或谓语当时所处的状态。

例如：4).Have you en a little boy go into the hou?

5).He ems to know that.

2．不定式的进行式to be doing 和现在分词的一般式doing/being done只用来表示非谓语动词和谓语动词同时发生。

例如：1).The cretary worked late into the night, preparaing the long speech for the president.

2).They pretended to be sleeping when Mother came in.

3．不定式完成式to have done/to have been done和现在分词完成式having done/having been done均表示动作发生在谓语之前。

例如：1).He is said to have left.

2).Not having heard from him,I wrote to him again.

4．词常表示发生在谓语之前而及物动词的过去分词则可以指发生在谓语之前或与谓语同时的状态。

例如：1).fallen leaves/a burnt-out match

2).The thief was brought in,with his hands tied behind.

若非谓语形式正确而词义仍不同者则需从句义来考虑。

非谓语动词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生，非谓语动词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。??

1.动词不定式??

例1：A?lot?of?young?people?are?learning?to?drive?cars.?(同时发生)??

例2：All?of?us?expected?to?discover?a?new?oil?field.?(非谓语动词动作发生在后)??

例3：He?is?said?to?have?studied?English?for?three?years.?(非谓语动词动作发生在前)??

注：动词不定式的完成式有时用在intended,?expected,?meant,?were?to,?was?to等过去式的动词后面，表示未实现的行为。例如：??

1)I?meant?to?have?nt?the?book?to?you?by?mail.?（我本想把这本书邮寄给你的。）??

2)He?was?to?have?been?the?new?ambassador,?but

?he?fell?ill.?(他原是要任新大使的，但是他病了。)??

2.动名词??

例1：I?am?thinking?of?getting?a?new?dictionary.?(非谓语动词动作发生在后)??

例2：We?enjoy?watching?colour?TV.?(与谓语动词动作同时)??

例3：He?forgot?having?promid?to?write?things?for?us.?（非谓语动词动作发生在前。）??

3.分词??

例1：Singing?a?song,?he?came?into?the?room.?（非谓语动词动作与谓语动词动作同时发生）??

例2：Having?written?his?composition,?he?went?to?have?a?heart?to?heart?talk?with?Wang.?(非谓语动词动作发生在前)??

非谓语动词的比较??

1.动名词和动词不定式在用法上的比较??

(1)一般说来动名词所表示的动作在意义上是比较抽象的、一般的，时间概念不强，不是指某一次的动作；而动词不定式所表示的动作则往往是具体的一次行为。例如：??

1）I?like?swimming,?but?I?don’t?like?to?swim?today.??

2)?They?prefer?staying?indoors?when?the?weather?is?cold.??

3)?Would?you?prefer?to?stay?at?home?this?evening???

(2)动词不定式的逻辑主语，常常是句子的主语或句中的某个词；而动名词的逻辑主语可能是句子主语或句中某个词，也可能是泛指一般人物，在句子里是找不着的。例如：??

1）I?hate?to?be?sitting?idle.?(我不想闲坐着。)（指自己）??

2）I?hate?saying?nothing?at?a?meeting?but?gossiping?afterwards.?(我不喜欢开会不说会后乱说。)（可能指自己，也可能泛指一般人）??

(3)有些词后既可接动名词亦...

1不定式作宾语

1) 动词+ 不定式?

afford aim appearagree arrangeaskbe decidebothercarechoo come dare demanddesiredetermine expectelectendeavorhopefail happen helphesitatelearn longmean manage offer ought planpreparepretend promirefuem tend wait wish undertake?

The driver failed to e the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。

I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。

2）动词+不定式 ；动词+宾语+不定式

ask, beg, choo, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promi, want, wish…

I like to keep everything tidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。

I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。

I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。

I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。

3） 动词+疑问词+ to?

decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, e, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell

Plea show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。

There are so many kinds of tap

状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。

What have I said to make you angry.

He arched the room only to find nothing.

3)表原因 I'm glad to e you.

The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.

A. sit B. sit on C. be at D. be sat on

答案：B.如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。?

8 用作介词的to?

to 有两种用法： 一为不定式+动词原形； 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：

admit to承认，confess to承认，

be accustomed to 习惯于， be ud to 习惯于， stick to 坚持， turn to开始，着手于， devote onelf to 献身于，be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望，pay attention to 注意

9 省to 的动词不定式?

1） 情态动词 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：

2） 使役动词 let, have, make：

3） 感官动词 e, watch, look at, notice , obrve, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。

注意：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。

I saw him dance.? =He was en to dance.

The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.

4） would rather，had better：

5） Why… / why not…：

6） help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth：

7） but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。

8） 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：

9） 通常在discover, imagine, suppo, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be：?

He is suppod (to be) nice.他应该是个好人。

举例：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.

He wants to do nothing but go out.

比较： He wants to do nothing but go out.

He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.

典型例题

1) ---- I usually go there by train.?---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?

A. to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going

答案：D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式，因此选D。

2） Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.

A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning?

答案：B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。?

10 动词不定式的否定式?

Tell him not to shut the window…?

She pretended not to e me when I pasd by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。

典型例题

1）Tell him ___ the window.?

A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut

答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth.

2)She pretended ___ me when I pasd by.?

A.not to

e B. not eingC. to not e D.having not en?

答案：A。 pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。

3）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.

A. never to drive B. to never driverC. never driving D. never drive

答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never.

4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.

A. not toB. not to doC. not do it?D. do not to?

答案：A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因此B，D不对。

5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.?

A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat

D. not eating

答案：C。warn一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为be warned not to do。?

11 不定式的特殊句型too…to…?

1）too…to 太…以至于…

He is too excited to speak.?他太激动了，说不出话来。

I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。

2) 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为"不太"。

It's never too late to mend.(谚语)改过不嫌晚。

3)当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常… 等于very。

I'm only too plead to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。

He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。?

12 不定式的特殊句型so as to?

1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。

Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lo his job.

汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。

Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.? 轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。

2)so kind as to ---劳驾

Would you be so kind as to tell me the time??劳驾，现在几点了。?

13 不定式的特殊句型Why not?

"Why not +动词原形"表达向某人提出建议，翻译为："为什么不……?" "干吗不……?"

例如： Why not take a holiday?干吗不去度假?

14 不定式的时态和语态?

时态语态 主动被动

一般式 to doto be done

进行式 to be doing

完成式 to have done to have been done

完成进行式 to have been doing

1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。

He ems to know this.

I hope to e you again. = I hope that I'll e you again.我希望再见到你。

2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词

概念。如：

Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden. 从山顶上看，这个城市就像一个大花园。

Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cau of the Party.

入党以后，他决定献身于党的事业。

②表原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：

Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.

激动的人们被那个故事深深地感动了，停止了争吵。

Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.

受到了讲演的鼓舞，年轻人决定起来从事斗争。

③表条件，相当于一个条件状语从句，有时过去分词前可用if等词。如：

Given another chance, he will do better.再给他一次机会，他会做得更好。

Compared with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English.

和你哥哥相比，你应该更加努力学习英语。

If heated, water can be turned into steam. 水如果被加热，会变成水蒸气。

④表让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。如：

Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.

尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。

Laughed at by many people, he continued his study. 尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。

⑤表方式或伴随情况。如：

The old man went into the room, supported by his wife.那个老人在他的妻子的搀扶下走进了房间。

Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job. 我和父亲坐在桌子旁边讨论着我的工作问题。

4) 过去分词作补足语：

过去分词可以在e, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等词后与一名词或代词构成复合宾语，用作宾语补语。如：

When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined? 你什么时候去医院检查你的牙齿？

When you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourlf heard.

当你在作报告时，你应该讲响一点使自己被人听清。

当这类句子变成被动语态时，过去分词用作主语补语。如：

One of the glass was found broken. 有人发现其中一个杯子破了。

They should be kept informed of the situation there. 应该让他们知道那儿的形势。



二、特别提醒

1. 过去分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般必须和句子的主语相一致。如：

When asked why he came here, the boy kept silent.当那个男孩被问到为何来这里时，他沉默不语。

Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.

由于在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。

如果过去分词的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致，必须使用过去分词的独立主格结构。

2. 动词have后所接的三种宾语补语：

have somebody/something do something 不定式作补语必须省去to, 不定式动作由宾语发出

，表示一次性的动作。如：

I had the workers do the job for me. 我让工人们替我完成了工作。

Jim often has his father help him with his homework. 吉姆经常让他的父亲帮助做家庭作业。

have somebody /something doing something -ing分词作补语，分词动作也由宾语发出，强调动作的延续或正在进行。如：

They had the tractor working all the time. 他们让拖拉机一直工作着。

We won’t have the child talking to his mother like that. 我们不能让那个孩子那样对他的妈妈说话。

have somebody/something done 过去分词作补语，宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系，通常有两种情况：

①主语让别人做某事，强调主语的意志。如：

He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理发了。

Later on the center had a great many new trees planted.后来，这个中心让人种了很多树。

②主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境，说明宾语的一种无意识的被动行为。如：

He had his leg broken in the match last month.他在上星期的比赛中摔断了腿。

He had one eye lost in the war. 在战争中，他失去了一只眼睛。

3. 非谓语动词的被动式作定语的三种形式：

the bridge to be built 将要建造的桥 （表示将来的动作）

the bridge being built 正在建造的桥 （表示正在进行的动作）

the bridge built 造好的桥 （表示完成的动作）

4. 过去分词和–ing分词作表语的区别：

过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态或感受，而-ing分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征，如：

Hearing the news, we felt very surprid. 听到那个消息，我们感到很惊讶

The news is very surprising. 这个消息很令人惊讶。

They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。

At the sight of the moving scene, all the people prent were moved to tears.

看到这么动人的情景，所有在场的人都感动得流下了眼泪。

英语中这样的分词还有很多，如：amusing, amud; encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; puzzling, puzzled; satisfying, satisfied; worrying, worried; tiring, tired; pleasing, plead; interesting, interested; astonishing, astonished等。

5. 过去分词和–ing分词作定语的区别：

过去分词作定语和-ing分词作定语有一定的区别。试比较下面几组短语：

boiled water开水 boiling water正沸腾的水

developed countries发展的国家 developing countries发展中国家

fallen leaves落叶 falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子

changed condition改变了的情况 changing condition变化着的情况

由此可见，过去分词作定语通常表示完成的或被动的动作；而-ing分词作定语可以表示正在进行的主动的动作。



三、提高练习

1. I’m going to have my car ________ .

A. to be fixed B. to fix C. fixed D. to fix

2. What’s

the language ______ in Germany?

A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak

3. ______ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.

A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. having been followed by

4. He had his leg _______ in the match yesterday.

A. to break B. broken C. break D. breaking

5. Most of the people _______ to the party were famous scientists.

A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting

6. ________ more attention, the trees could have grown better.

A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given

7. The murderer was brought in, with his hands _________ behind his back.

A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied

8. The computer center, _______ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.

A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened

9. ________ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.

A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lo

10. The Olympic Games, _________ in 776BC, didn’t include women players until 1912.

A. first played B. to be first played C. first playing D. to be first played

11. Don’t get _________ in the rain.

A. to be caught B. catching C. to catch D. caught

12. I found a car _________ in a pool by the side of the road.

A. to be stuck B. stuck C. sticking D. stick

13. ---By the way, when did you get your bedroom _______ ? ---Last week.

A. to paint B. painted C. painting D. to be painted

14. The children were found _________ in the cave.

A. trapping B. trapped C. to be trapped D. be trapped

15. They found a ______ old woman _______ on the ground when the door was broken down.

A. dying, lying B. dead, lied C. death, laying D. died, lain

16. On a _____ morning the little girl was found _______ at the corner of the street.

A. freezing, freezing B. freezing, frozen C. frozen, frozen D. frozen, freezing

17. No one enjoys ______ fun of in public.

A. making B. being made C. to be made D. to make

18. Before he came to London, he had never heard a single English word _____.

A. speaking B. spoken C. to be spoken D. speak

19. ______ from space, the earth, with water _______ venty percent of its surface, looks like a blue ball.

A. Seen, covered B. Seen, covering C. Seeing, covering D. Seeing, covered

20. An _________ crowd is awaiting the arrival of the film star.

A. excited B. exciting C. excite D. excitedly

1---5 C B B B A 6---10 A D D C A

11—15 D B B B A 16---20 B B B B A

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