跨文化交际期末复习资料

ComponentsoflargeCCulture:

Socialinstitutionsandorganizations.

Languageandothercommunicationsystems.

Customs金童幼儿园,habitsandbehavioralpatterns.

Valuesystems联林珍奇,worldviews,nationaltraits长城一日游,aestheticstandards,thinkingpatterns文明手抄报内容.

Knowledgeaboutnatureandmanhimlfandartisticdevelopment安全生产月.

CultureOnion

DutchscholarFonsTrompenaars(1998)describescultureinthreelayers:

a)Theouterlayer:theexplicitcultureproducts,whichrefertotheobrvablethingslikelanguage2020立冬是哪一天什么时间,

food虚荣的反义词,buildings个性网名男生,hou湖南高等专科学校,monuments,agriculture,markets清明雨上歌词,fashionandart汤姆索亚历险记手抄报,whicharethesymbolsof

adeeperlevelofculture.

b)Themiddlelayer:normsandvalues,reflectedbytheexplicitfactors

c)Thecore:efundamentalrelationshipwiththenature 食品安全法 ,

mankindlikesthecore:,inthisn"cultureisanythingbutnature花季雨季."

CharacteristicsofCulture

eistransmissible

sofacultureshareatofideas小明的故事,values,andstandardsofbehaviors,

andthistiswhatgivesmeaningtotheirlives,andwhatbondsthemtogetherasaculture211985大学名单.

eismostlylearnedunconsciously/acquired.

Cultureislearned,notinherited（遗传的）国外经典老电影.Itderivesfromone’ssocialenvironment,notfrom

one’sgenes见与不见朗诵.

eissymbolic专业介绍及就业方向.

theculturefunctioning,allaspectsoftheculturemustbe

integrated浪漫海滩.

’sdynamicratherthanstatic（静态的）,

constantlychangingandevolvingundertheimpactofeventsandthroughcontactwithother

gesthroughthreemostcommonmechanisms:innovation（创新）妈妈在打我一次生成器,diffusion（传

播）andacculturation（文化适应）.

eithnocentric（民族中心主义的）基督教与天主教的区别.

eistheguidingprinciplesforactions个人资料表格.

Keyterms

Enculturation（社会文化适应）：Enculturationisthesocializationprocessyougothroughto

adapttoyoursociety酸菜鱼的做法家常做法.（社会文化适应指人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程）。

Acculturation（文化适应）：

Acculturation,orculturaladaptation,referstoanindividual’slearningandadaptingtothenorms

andvaluesofthenewhostculture.（文化适应指人们学习和适应新文化的社会规范和价值观

念的过程）。

Separationandgregation（分离和隔离）：themaintainingone’soriginalcultureandnot

participatinginthenewculture无法更改主页.（指在文化适应过程中保留了原有文化想你的三百六十五天，完全没有接受和习

得新文化）游玩作文。

Integration(文化整合):Ittakesplacewhenindividualsbecomeanintegralpartofthenewculture

whilemaintainingtheircultureintegrity国家计算机二级成绩查询.(文化整合指人们在文化适应过程中成为新文化中的

一部分，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性)中秋节的故事简短。

Assimilation(文化同化)：Itisthedegreetowhichanindividualrelinguishesanoriginalculture

1

dividualsareassimilatedintothemainstreamculture,theylotheirprevious

culture有诗意的网名.(文化同化指人们放弃原有文化接受新文化的程度消防车简笔画。一旦被主流文化同化，人们就失

去了原有的文化)。

Marginalization（边缘化）：Marginalizationordeculturationreferstolosingone’scultural

identityandnothavinganypsychologicalcontactwiththelargersociety.(边缘化指人们不仅失

去自己原有的文化身份园林设计论文，而且与广大社会失去了心理联系)信息化建设总结。

Cultureshock（文化冲击，文化休克）Itreferstothetraumaticexperiencethatanindividualmay

encounterwhenenteringadifferentculture.（文化冲击指人们在进入一种新文化环境中遭遇的

痛苦和难忘的经历）。

Keyterms

Interculturalcompetences：refertotheabilitytounderstandandadaptthetargetculture;inanother

word刘禹锡陋室铭,itreferstothensitivitytoculturaldiversity想象作文蜗牛健步如飞,litytobehaveinanappropriate

wayandtoadapttoone’scommunicationandinteractionaccordingtothecontext.(跨文化能力

指的是理解和适应目标文化的能力灵魂行者，换句话说，它指的是对于文化多样性的敏感性。例如电讯技术，

根据具体的交际环境，恰当的得体的行为和对于交际与交往的适应)。

Communicativecompetenceispartofsocialcompetence切糕的做法,whichisanindividualability女性健康知识讲座通知,i.e思念的文章.

behaviorandskills祖国在我心中演讲稿300字,tocontrolhisorhersocialenvironment弹钢琴.(交际能力是社会能力的一部分创意设计作品，是

个体的能力，例如行为或者技巧，来控制他或者他的社会环境)。

Interculturalcommunicationcompetenceinvolvescognitive,affectiveandoperationalaspects,

whichareinparable.(跨文化交际能力涉及到认知的雪地里的红棉袄，情感的和行为能力改变自己简谱，他们是密不可分

的)。

Definitionofcommunication

sfromtheLatinword“communicate”,深圳市城市更新办法实施细则,themost

commonmeaningof“communication”istogiveorexchangeinformationorideas.

icationisourabilitytoshareourideasandfeelings中秋节诗.(thebasisofallhumancontact)

icationisadynamic澳洲西冷牛排,systematicprocessinwhichmeaningsarecreatedandreflected

inhumaninteractionwithsymbols2020微信经典说说.

icationistheexchangeofmessagesbetweenpeoplesforthepurpoofachieving

commonmeaning.

ComponentsofCommunication

ng

t.

Modeofcommunication

LinearModelofCommunication;InteractiveModelofCommunication

Verbalcommunication:communicationdonebothorallyandinwrittenlanguage

Nonverbalcommunication:communicationwhomessagesarenotconveyedinwords成都周边好玩的地方.

Characteristicsofcommunication

1)Communicationisdynamic2)Communicationisinteractive3)Communicationis

irreversible4)Communicationtakesplaceinbothaphysicalandsocialcontext

Communicationisrule-governed

Symbolsorcodesarethebasicingredientsofcommunication.

Communicationcannotberetrieved

Communicationtakesplaceinbothaphysicalandasocialcontext

2

Communicationdoesnottakeplaceinavaccum.

Definition:Interculturalcommunication

ulturalcommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeopleofdifferentcultural

backgrounds平安夜的句子.

ulturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoculturalperceptionsand

symbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.

Formsofinterculturalcommunication

thnicCommunication(民族间的交际特产广告语,属同一人种但属

不同民族，中国各兄弟民族间的交往）-regional

communication

FeaturesofInterculturalcommunication

municationbetweencultureshasalonghistory爱的供养的歌词.

ulturalcommunicationisacommondailyoccurrence铁板烧菜谱.

AnOutlineofChineCulture

Chinehistorybeganwithtwolegendaryfigures—EmperorHuang(黄帝)andEmperorYan(炎

帝)HowYaoandShunPasdtheThronestotheWorthyandtheCapable(尧、舜禅让）HowYu,

theGreat军事电视剧,ConqueredtheFlood(大禹治水)

四书：TheFourBooks,namely领带的品牌,TheGreatLeaning(《大学》)列夫托尔斯泰简介,TheDoctrineoftheMean

（《中庸》）世界读书日手抄报内容,TheAnalectsofConfucius（《论语》）,andMencius（《孟子》）

五经：TheFiveClassics头型设计,namely,TheBookofSongs/Odes（《诗经》）蝴蝶兰花期,TheBookofHistory（《书

经》/《尚书》）,TheBookofChanges（《易经》IChing）任职表态发言,TheBookofRites（《礼记》）李安 逝去的爱,and

TheSpringandAutumnAnnals（《春秋》）

TheLiteraryAchievementsduringMingandQingDynasties

WeboastthereprentativemasterpiecesasthefourgreatnovelsoftheMingDynastyOutlaws

oftheMarshbyShiNaian,TheRomanceoftheThreeKingdomsbyLuoGuanzhong,

JourneytotheWestbyWuCheng’enandJinPingMeibyXiaoXiaosheng,whichshowsthat

novelwritinghadreachedmaturity.

TheQingDynastyfeaturedwithsuchworksasTheScholars,asatiricalnovelbyWuJingziand

CaoXueqin’ling’scollectionofshortstoriesaboutghosts

andfoxspirits(demons)荨麻疹药物,StrangeTalesfromtheCarefreeStudio剩蛋老人,throughthetalestheauthor

censures(谴责)theevilsofthesocietyhelivediniem2017.

Cultureshock

Definition：Cultureshockisprecipitated(使…突然陷入；促成)bytheanxietythatresultsfrom

losingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercour.

Cultureshockalsocanbedefinedas“thephysicalandemotionaldiscomfortonesufferswhen

goingtoliveinanothercountryorplaceandissomethingallinternationalstudentswillface.

Theterm“cultureshock”canbedefinedinanotherwayascertainneedsandrequirementsthat

arenotbeingmetbyforeigncultureandsociety.

Cultureshockreferstotheanxietyexperiencedwhenoneexperiencesthelossoftheirhome

culture声声慢 李清照,familyandsupportsystemandisconfrontedwiththetaskofunderstandinganewculture一战到底 题库.

FourstagesforCultureShock

3

ia（〔心〕欣快症，异常欣快－－蜜月期）anjuny.Inthisstage,youareexcitedaboutliving

inadifferentplace怎样点亮qq邮箱图标,eeverything肖奈原型,andeverybody

,theamumentoflifeinanewcultureemstohaveno

ending父亲节 礼物.

urn（下降趋势厦门医保查询，下转）calledtheFrustrationStage/

Crisis/intonoticethatnoteverythingisasgoodasyouhadoriginally

er,peopledon't

hingthatemedtobesowonderfulatfirstisnowawful,

encountermanyproblemsin

transportation危重病人抢救预案,shopping龙王潭,feelthatpeoplemaynolonger

careaboutyourproblem,andtheydon’starttocomplainandrejectthe

alsymptomsincludingachesandpainsinlimbs2017年gdp,headaches鱼和熊掌不可兼得,fatigueand

lackofenergy,lossofappetite永远娇艳的玫瑰,inabilitytogetagoodnight’ssleep/insomnia,stomachupts,and

sion:Youspendmuchofyourtimespeakingyourownlanguage,

watchingvideofromyourhomecountry中秋股市休市安排,rememberonlythe

goodthingaboutyourhomecountry

ment/Recovery滔滔不绝的反义词.

Thethi

starttofeelacertain

rtfeelingmore

positive,andyoutrytodevelopcomprehensionofeverythingyoudon'le

situationstartstobecomemorefavorable;yourecoverfromthesymptomsofthefirsttwostages,

andyouadjustyourlftothenewnorms走一步再走一步原文,values,andevenbeliefsandtraditionsofthenew

intoethateventhoughthedistinctionofthecultureisdifferentfromyour

own河南省实验小学,ithalementsthatyoucanlearntoappreciate管理心理学论文.

ation

Afteryouwentthroughariesofemotionalupsanddowns神女峰教案,thatistosayyouhaveexperienced

thepreviousthreedistinctstagesofemotionalchange,youhavereachedapointwhereyou

actua

understanda

findyournewculturalidentity.

HowtoDealwithCulturalShock?

pfriendshipswithpeoplearoundyou

stionsaboutsocialcustoms

ourorreadabookoninter-culturalcommunication

ppositiveattitude(open-minded)

eoutsideandtrytolookforsomethingyouareinterestedin

Originsofsurnames:看名字是根据什么原因取的

a)Thetotemsworshipedbyancestors:Inprimitivesociety,peopletookmanynatural

phenomenaoranimalsasthetotems;云、水、龙、熊、牛、马、骆、鹿、羊、鱼

b)Thecountry/stateestablishedbyormanor(封地)conferredtotheancestors灰姑娘故事3.秦、楚、

4

齐、鲁、吴、宋、郑、卫、陈、晋、燕一壶乡愁.Inmanors,peopleudthemanornameastheirsurname:

范、荀、隋、赵、韩、魏、上官、屈.

c)One’sancestor’stitleofnobility：王、侯番茄酱怎么吃好吃.

d)One’sancestor’sofficialpost:司马、司徒、司空、上官、尉、帅悠游自在造句.

e)Thenameoftheancestor’sresidentialplace:西门、东门、东方、南宫、池、江、西廓大学生自我介绍范文.

f)Ancestor’soccupation:陶、士、巫、师、商、乐我爱上一匹野马.

g)Thetransliterationofthesurname(double-surname)fromminoritynationality:呼延、宇

文、慕容、长孙、尉迟、独孤如何预防传染病.

h)SomesurnameofminoritynationalitybecomeatypicalHansurname:爱新觉罗→金、罗、

艾、洪.

implicationandculturalnotionsinnames

anambition,awill,morality（操守）：achievement:refinement(脱俗):

distinguishedness(出众):longevity(长寿)

Someculturalnotionscontainedinnames

a)ancestry-worshipping(崇祖)notionb)Confucianism-worshipping（崇儒）

c)Success-eking(建功立业)notion:d)Virtueadvocatingnotion:e)Lucknotion:

f)Jade-loving(崇玉)notion:g)Notionoflongingforofficial

Style(字)Style理综试卷,asanadditiontothename养家活口,anmeettheneed

enttimes天然美容护肤小窍门,King/emperorcouldaddresshissubjectsbytheir

names,ely,theinferiorhadtoaddresstheniorbytheirstyles.

Peopleofthesamegeneration（平辈)alsoaddresachotherbystyles.

Assumedname(号)TangDynasty妹妹我要操,only

somescholars(文人雅士)楚门的世界英文影评。UptothemiddleofNorthernSongDynasty,assumednamesboomed,

attributedto欧阳修、苏轼、王安石。

Nameandstyle(字)weregivenbyone’snior(尊长)肆无忌惮的近义词，buttheycan’treflectone’scharacteristics花木兰 美国,

interestsambitions(志趣)全国高校思想政治工作会议，mednamecandothat我的传奇奶奶.

AboutEnglishnames

1)Aboutsurname

Theoriginsofsurnamesareasfollows:

Placeofidentity:Somenamesindicatewherethepersoncamefrom,e.g.,Norman,Moor七夕故事,Hall,

Chesterfield妖精的尾巴搜狐,andWood封神演义剧情.

Occupation:Cook,Clark自我鉴定毕业,Taylor,Smith,Turner(车削工）,Butler（配膳师）我的爷爷,Thatcher（盖屋顶

者）横竖的近义词,Chandler（蜡烛/肥皂制造商)科技发展弊大,andCooper

Familyrelationships:Surnameswerealsocoinedfromfirstnamestoindicatefamily

relationships,asRobertsonqq空间密码怎么设置,Donaldson,MacDonald兔子养殖设备,O’Patrick,Watkins自我小结范文,Thomas

Ethnicidentity:Englishnames:thenameplus“son”,asRobertson,Donaldson四个月辅食,Scottishnames:

“Mac”秋天早上好短句,or“Mc”addedbeforethename我想牵你的手,asMacDonald;Irishnames:“O”placedbefore

thename,asO’Patrick.

Personalcharacteristic:Long,Little,Young,Moody,Fox,Brown困难补助申请报告,Rich,andNewman

CultureandTaboos

1)Socialtaboos:

A)InEnglish-speakingcountries,ifyouwanttovisitsomebody小萝卜头的故事简短,youshouldmakeanappointment

xpectedvisitwas/isnotacceptable.

5

B)PeopleinEnglish-speakingcountriesareexpectedtoavoidtalkingshop

C)InEnglish-speakingcountry好饿的毛毛虫,Christiansregardsuicideassin虎年春联大全 对联,sosuicideisnotanappropriate

topic.

D)Insocialcommunication,Westernersavoidtalkingaboutprivacywhichincludesage播报新闻,income,

wealth,marriage,loveaffairs财政补助收入.

E)Chinecareaboutsomefaults,badhabits福州中招,justasanoldChinesayinggoes“Whenyou

beatsomebody忆难忘,avoidhittinghimintheface去黑头产品排行榜,whenyouspeak顺治帝与董鄂妃,don’trakeup(重提不愉快之事ab型血的性格，

翻旧账)other’sfaults”

InEnglish-speakingcommunities,therearesomesocialtaboos:

(1)Itisunluckytohaveablackcatcrosstheroadinfrontofyou.

(2)Thebrideshouldnotethehusbandonthemorningbeforethewedding自古逢秋悲寂寥.

(3)Thekillingofcricketsinthehouwillbringbadluck梅根利维.

(4)Topassunderaladderbringsbadluck.(从梯子下面走过会带来厄运英语口语考试话题。)

(5)Lightingthreecigarettesfromonematchbringsbadlucktothethirdperson六一儿童节作文400字.

(6)Tobreakamirrorbringsvenyears'badluck.(打碎镜子会带来7年厄运。)

(7)Openinganumbrellainthehouisbadluck.(在屋中撑伞会倒霉。)

2)Tabooinpublicsituations.

“Firstcome黑矾,firstrved(先来后到)”;

Sneezingisanormalphysiologicalreaction/phenomenon.

3)taboosaboutdiet

plefrom

English-speakingcountiesdon’tlikefat2018欧冠决赛,andtheskin,feetheadandinternalorgans,someanimal’

smeatsuchasdog’smeat,snake’slikegarlicandvinegarandstrangesoups.

Whenthemouthisfulloffood晚婚婚假多少天,oneshouldnotutter(中国人“食不言安徽中医学院分数线，咽不语”.).Chine

shouldn’traptheemptybowlswithchopsticksforthat’swhatabeggardoes.

Duringthedinner上层建筑的核心,thedinersshouldnotbelch(打嗝)听不到梁静茹,loonthebeltandgotothetoilet.

AtaCantonedinner,thedinersshouldnoteatchickenhead,wingsandtail,butleavethemto

theniorsinthefamily.

FortheSpringFestivaldinner最著名的写七夕的词,theremustbeadishoffishimplying“年年有余”动物园开会.“鱼”and“余”

arehomophoniccharactersinChine.

Forsomelocalweddingdinner,thefishhead集线器设置,tailandfishbonesarenotallowedtobeeaten系统启动项,

becaupeoplehopethatthenewcouplewillremainadevotedcoupletotheendoftheirlives(白

头偕老),acompletecouple(有头有尾)会笑的眼睛.

Insomeplaces飞利浦剃须刀排行榜,thecookedfishinadishisnotallowedtobeturnedoveroritmayimplytheship

willcapsize(翻船)姐姐的乳汁.It’satabooforfishermen.

TeawaterisChine’sfavoritedrink是不是歌词,northernChinelikejasminetea(茉莉花茶/花茶),the

southernChineprefergreenteaorblacktea.

Forthowhoknowaboutsado(茶道，teaculture),theywon’tliketomixotherthingslikemilk,

sugarwithtea我的一次科学尝试,madethepreviousdaywon’tbedrunknext

day(隔夜茶),it’sharmfultohealth古瓷器收藏.

Chinecareaboutthewayofdrinkingtea:tosiptea(呷茗)notdrinkunrestrainedly(牛饮).

It’sbelievedintheWestandtheEast同桌的你作文,thatteacanpredictsomething,thoughit’ssomewhat

superstitionsiftheteastalksinacupfloat/standupright(erect)怎么唱假声,theteadrinkerwillbepleadfor

6

it’saomenthatadistinguishedguestiscoming.

TheBritishpeoplethink,ifsomeonehappenedto(无意中)cover(coveredaccidentally)atea-pot,

itpredictsanunexpectedvisitorwillarrive.

Iftwowomensharetheteainthesamepot,thatmeansoneofthemorsomeonefromeitherfamily

sanunexpectedguestistocome微风山谷.

Whenthestalkishard,thecomerismale男性健康问题,ifthestalkissoft,itwillbeafemalevisitor鼠年吉祥话.

InJapan镇定的近义词,ethisisan

er2019年海军大阅兵,itisthoughttobeanimpolitebehaviorwhenyousucktheendofa

chopstick手术室实习小结.

Everyone语文作文范文,whetheryouareMuslimornon-Muslim处分原则,shouldtakeoffyourshoeswhenenteringinto

rsshouldfollowtheMuslimstyleofdress:menshouldwearlongpantsand

long-sleevedshirts;womenshouldcoveralltheirexpodskin.

4)tabooaboutgift-prenting

Thenumberofflowersshouldbeodd(单数)崔子格的歌曲,forit’sbelievedtheevennumberwillresultin

misfortune/badluck.

Whites

notexpectedtogivewhiteflowerstothepatientinhospital夏季健康小常识.

IfyouareinvitedtoaFrancefamilyfordinner,youcanbringsomeflowers,

bringthechrysanthemum;they’reonlytobeudatthefuneralinFrancecpucool.

PurpleflowersaretheflowersofdeathinMexico

Ontheinternationaloccasions,thetwokindsofflowers石竹花pink杜鹃花Azaleaare

notthepropergiftsforguestsastheFrenchpeoplethinkitwillbringforthdisasters.

Convallariamajalis(铃兰花)arenotthesuitablegiftforfriendsasitimpliestheterminationof

friendship

国家

花

白花

German

France

French

friends

Polish

Brazilian

Europe

Europe

Europe

禁

even

Deny，hospital

tulips

chrysanthemum

宜

Odd

untied

原因

Even乱码，misfortune/badluck.

misfortuneordeath

themercilessflowers

funeral

forthdisasters.

哀悼

theterminationoffriendship

theendoffriendship

funeralsasthesymbolofdeath河北科技理工学院.

patients

mid-agedpeople/theyoung

forsacrifice

原因

石竹花pink杜鹃花

Azalea,菊花

Convallariamajalis(铃兰花)

driedorwitheredflowers

Purpleflowers

theoneswithstrongaroma

Smallflowers/bigflowers

Lotus

potted

windflowers

cut-flowers

宜

TheEaster

communic

ation

国家禁

7

Latin

American

The

Russians

handkerchief,knives,scissorssmallhouholdyourfriendshiptoanend楞伽经.

andothergiftsliketheproductslinkedtotears李白黄鹤楼.

Sendingmoney

13

dress

singlenumbercharityandinsultnetcfg hlp.

Breadandsalt幸运和成功

“7”

andembarrassotherpeopleMentoperfumes,

womencosmetics

ChineClocksorwatches

5)tabooaboutfestival

TheWesternerspeciallyvaluetheNewYear’sDay

Thelieve

whatkindofpersonthefirstvisitortotheirhouisapersonwithblackhair经常的反义词,oratleastit’sthe

black–hairedfriendoracquaintance数字成语大全 四字成语,hewillbringthehostgoodluck:Ifthefirstvisitor

isawoman,italsowillbetheevilomenforthenewyear迎新工作总结.

Ifafamilymemberactsasthefirstvisitor江畔独步寻花的诗意是什么,hewillbentoutofthehoubeforemidnightto

ldcarrysomegiftsnotnecessarilyexpensivesuchasbread

symbolizingamplefoodandclothing(丰衣足食)orcoin/saltasthesymbolofwealthandfortune.

6)religionstaboo:

IntheBible快乐每一天,therearetherecordsofTheTenCommandments《上帝十诫》reported(转述)by

Mos(摩西)：十诫大意：

(1)不可崇拜上帝以外的其它神(2)不可敬拜偶像(3)不可妄称上帝的名字

(4)当守安息日(5)当孝敬父母(6)不可杀人(7)不可奸淫

(8)不可偷盗(9)不可作假证害人10)不可贪恋他人财产

ForCatholicism/-city海上钢琴师 影评,thereothertaboos:with2-3weekafterthefuneral山东教育卫视同心战疫,thedecead’s

relatives/familymembersshouldavoidinterviewingguests柴门闻犬吠的下一句,joininginlarge-scaledpartyorball

party学车.

aliansarearecatholicwhodon’tu

ChristmasTreebutplaywithtoys麦积山石窟.

AccordingtothediettaboosdescribedinIslam’sKoran,thedirtyanimalssuchaspigs/swines,

donkeys江宁东山外国语学校,mulesanddogsarenotedible2017微博之夜,theoxen,sheep电脑风扇,chicken植树造林的好处,ducksandbirdsslaughtered

withoutkillers’chantingthenameofAllah(未诵安拉之名而宰杀)；thebanningofeatingtigers天童寺门票,

leopards,wolves,eagles,andsnakes;theinlandIslamscannoteatthefishwithoutscalesand

gills(无鳞无鳃鱼)andotherfishthatdon’tlooklikefish(ds)；

AlsoinKoran,alcoholdrinkingisforbidden,adevoutMuslimwon’ttouchandllalcohol

coholdrinksarervedattheMuslims’banquetsandthehostswillnotpropoa

toast（敬酒）冷餐。

ForMuslimism/Moslem/Muslin实名网络营销,therearesometaboos:theydon’teatpork,andanimalblood,

wineanddrinkwithalcohol,don’tworshipidol宁波自驾游,Moslemsarenotallowedtogetmarriedwith

clorelatives2015湖北高考一分一段表,andthefollowers/disciplesofotherreligions.

Somereligions—includingHinduism孙少平,Buddhism大连市交通违章查询,Islam,andvariousbranchesofChristianitysuch

astheMethodists（卫礼公会）我的母亲作文800字,theBaptists再见2021你好2022,—forbidordiscouragetheconsumptionofalcoholic

beverages.

FemaleMoslemsusuallystayathomeinsteadofworkingoutside,theyshouldavoidgazingat

8

males穷人续写300字,insteadtheyshouldlowervisionwhilecomingacrossmaleMoslems,maleandfemale

Moslemsarenotsuppodtoembraceeachotherinpublic谁言寸草心报得三春晖的意思,awomanshouldveilherfaceinthe

prenceofstrangers;

kinghandswithwomenis

consideredataboobytheMoslemcountries.

犹太教（Judaism）

第一个法规和动物有关不完美的她讲的什么。唯一可以食用的哺乳动物是反刍并有分蹄的动物关于我们之间的事，可以吃牛肉，

而不允许吃猪肉和马肉夜宿山寺的意思，这点与穆斯林在Halal的饮食禁忌法规类似瘦身小菜。大多数饲养禽类(如鸡、

鸭、鹅等)是被允许的，但一些新品种如鸵鸟和鸸鹋不允许，圣经中特意提及禁食鸵鸟红烧土豆片。鱼

类必须有鳃和鳞宽带连接 自动连接，禁食软体动物和甲壳类动物。

第二个法规和动物的血液有关青蒿素的作用是什么。犹太人认为血是"生命的液体"而严禁食用个人陈述模板。

喇嘛教（Lamaism）

亦称藏传佛教大闸蟹怎么蒸，也是“只要不杀生高凉岭，也不禁荤腥”，但仅吃牛、羊、鹿、猪等偶蹄（even-hoof）

动物外商投资企业联合年检，不吃被视作“恶物”的奇蹄动物（马、驴、狗、兔）、五爪禽（鸡、鸭、鹅）以及“龙

王的子孙――鱼虾蚌贝”，也不愿借灶具给人煮这些东西吃秋天的图片大全，因为喇嘛教信奉龙淄博驾校模拟考试，认为鱼是

龙的子孙广告词语，故要禁食（如今一些地区已不禁）；也不准在附近的水域捕鱼、钓鱼服务从心开始。喇嘛教信

徒忌讳捕杀野生动物，忌讳外人在天葬场旁观或在远处偷看。

Whenmeetingalama,itisnotappropriatetohughimorshakehandswithhim读傅雷家书有感,butanamaste(合

十礼）春节灯谜100条简单.

InTibet颜回好学,whistleonlywhentheyare

exorcisingevilspirits(驱邪）.

InTibet,smoking怎样删除上网记录,consumingalcoholormakingunnecessarynoiinamonastery.

Touching,walkingoverorsittingonanyreligioustexts乐邦电压力锅,objectsorprayerflags(幡经）ina

monastery五一促销广告语.

Causinganythingtobekilledinamonastery.

Intrusivephotographyofamonasteryespeciallywhenpeopleareperformingreligiousceremonies.

Alwaysaskforpermission.

Harmingvultures（秃鹫）,oryaks（牦牛）andsheepwearingred,yelloworgreencloth.

Steppingonthethreshold（门槛）whenenteringaTibetanhou.

allowed,donottakephotos.

lievedthatloudnoiwillresultinheavy

snow,stormsorhail.

Clappinghands（鼓掌）behindothersisalsoconsideredimpolite毕业赠言给学生.

DonotupaperprintedwithTibetanlanguagetoscrubanything

Spittingbeforesomebody.

Placingtrashinthefire.

Publicdisplaysofaffection.

Wearingshorts.

bringbadlucktootherpeople蹭网卡怎么用.

Nevertouchtheheadofanotherperson.

ColorsandTaboos

color

red

pink

symbol

Vitalityandfiercelove王思聪 乔任梁,

faithfullove,

orange

purple

yellow

9

vigor

respectandgoodwishes

contempt.

国家/对象

Chine

禁

white

原因

mourning

(funeral/death).

宜

”

red

原因

happinessandjoy哥哥对不起,enthusiasm,

stimulation(bull-fighting),

excitement,courage/bravery

purity,virtuesandmaritalhappiness

solemnityandjustice

getridofevilspiritordias，the

greenareainderts

Westred

imperious(专横)浏览的意思,

white

irritable(暴躁)多梦失眠吃什么药,and

arrogance

implies“stop”

hiswife

adultery

commits

American

Male

married

Chine

West

Brazil

American

Islams

red

Greenhat

Back六年级梗概作文，dark

dark

mystery,riousnessanddark

solemnity

death,illomenand

disaster

green

Purple独字组词，darkSadness，unfortunate泰国女星排行榜，

brown，yellow

desperate

Purple梦见自己溺水，yellow

yellowgownJudas

yellowthedeath

Bulgariansbrightgreenhenon-government

primaryidentification

PeasantParty

Japanlily,blackandfuneral

white,green

anddeepgrey

yellowdeath

purple,Black,

white冬至祝福语大全,yellow

Malaysian

Singapore

Unitedpink梨的营养价值,purplenegative

Arabandyellow

Emirates,

Kuwait军营歌曲大全,

Bahrain,

Iran白帝城图片,Qatar,

Yemenand

Oman

Egyptiansblackandblue

purple,

Romania

Italian

French

brown边城 读后感,positive

blackand

green,blue

andredand

whitecolors

green,white梦幻名字,

red,orange

White/red/

green

green

gray

red,

10

pureandsimple,love农业生产合作社示范章程草案,hope风与月,yellow

asacaution

black

purple

黄色,”13”

negativeconnotation党员年终总结个人2020.

and

elegant,fashionandgorgeous阿拉斯加雪橇狗,noble

yellowand

bluecolors

Chinayellow

honorandrespect(尊贵),solemnity端午节的由来简单介绍,

monarchicalpower(君权)青鸟,

supremacy(至高无上)

indispensablereligiouscolor.

expectation秸秆制碳机,missingofrelativesand

memory

Rome

America

日本人

意大利人

和西班牙

英国

德国

瑞士

欧美

巴西

北欧国家

墨西哥

加拿大

探望病人

绿色

蓝色

yellow

yellow

忌“4”治疗咳嗽的偏方，“6”，“9”学校开学标语，菊花，荷花小桥流水人家。在探望病人时护士个人简历封面，忌用山茶花、仙客来及淡黄色、白颜色

的，给病人送花不能有带根的。

菊花虎年，认为它是不祥之花中国最后一个朝代,但德国人和荷兰人对菊花却十分偏爱冷笑话谜语。

把百合花看作是死亡的象征。黄玫瑰象征亲友分离我的未来不是梦歌词。认为墨绿色会给人带来懊丧

蓝色的矢车菊（国花）,不要把白色玫瑰花送朋友的太太，因为它是赠送情人的礼品沧州南一寺临河干，也避

免用郁金香嫁错。在送鲜花时举世闻名的意思，切不要用纸包装。

国花是金合欢花（acaciaflower）树新风，如送红玫瑰可以送1枝，也可送20枝耳麦不能说话，但不要送3枝

在悲痛时，不以香花为赠物设计股份。

忌讳黄色和紫色的花，认为紫色防的色调成全自己的碧海蓝天，视黄色为凶丧的色财务工作总结模板。

一定要给女主人带几束单数的鲜花遥远的反义词是什么，最好是5枝或7枝

黄色意味着死亡，红花会给人带来晦气

花束或花篮不要香气过浓或色彩过于素淡小瑞儿，对病人恢复健康不利幼儿园毕业感言。

日本人如何消除眼袋皱纹，英国饮品做法，法国（France）和比利时（Belgium）忌

比利时，伊拉克，

巴西人(Brazil)以棕色(brown)为凶色黄河的俗语,他们认为,死人好比黄叶飘落,所以忌讳棕黄色刘欢凤凰于飞。

埃及人(Egyptian)忌讳黄色(yellow),以黄色为不幸小米魔方,丧葬之色战略合作协议书范本.

叙利亚(Syria)也忌用黄色(yellow)仁爱英语七年级上册课件,他们认为它表示死亡陈奕迅好听的粤语歌。埃塞俄比亚人(Ethiopian)出门做

客不穿浅黄色衣服,因为他们穿淡黄色服装是表示对死者的哀悼。

土耳其人(Turk)在布置房间、客厅时，绝对禁用茄花色大国重器第五集，民间一向认为茄花色代表凶兆光未然黄河颂朗诵。

印度(India)视白色(white)为不受欢迎的颜色酒店预订系统。

摩洛哥人(Moroccan)一般不穿白衣，忌白色，以白色为贫困象征各地特产。乌拉圭人(Uruguay)忌青

色lol牛头酋长，认为青色意味着黑暗的前夕重口味头像吧。

泰国(Thailand)忌红色(red)，认为红色是不吉利的颜色，因为在泰国人死后瘦身精油,用红笔把死者姓

名写于棺材上人与动物的作文.

蒙古人（Mongolian）对黑色(black)异常厌恶，把黑色视为不祥之兆霸气英文名字，认为它意味着不幸,

贫穷,威胁严控属地招生比例,背叛湖南高考成绩,嫉妒新春对联七字,暴虐等。

欧美人视黑色为哀丧之色.俄罗斯人（Russian）也忌讳黑色

秘鲁（Peru）平时禁用紫色（purple）团代会报告，只有在十月份举行宗教仪式时才开禁保健食品质量管理制度。

NumeralsandtabooShandong，theageof41白羊座男生喜欢什么样的女生，BeijingareaandZhejiangProvince峰林峡,theages

55and66，Age73and84，Age100

Funeraltaboos

ThefuneralcannotbeheldonSundayorinsomecertaindayssuchastheNewYear’sDay.

Whenthecoffinisgoingtobeinterred,peoplecannotwalkinfrontofit.

11

Donotcryviolently,becaupeopleinthecountriesthinkitispolitetocontroltheemotionof

sadnessatthefuneral细大不捐.

PeopleinIndiathinkthatitisimpoliteanddisrespectfultothedecedentifpeopleatthe

funeraldidn’tcryviolentlyandnotbeingverymirable.

InJapan,whenattendingafuneral,peoplecannotsaysuchwords,again,soon,frequent(ly)新四大美女图,one

byone拥抱,againandagain…Peoplemustdresdinblack.

TaboosintheChinefuneral

Peoplewhofamilymemberpasdawaycan'tcuthair艾苛蜜 修复型胶原蛋白,combhairandshaveduringthe

'stoshowgratitudefortheirupbringingelderfortheirbreeding合肥海洋世界.

Womencan'tvisitgrave,oritwillcauthisfamilytohavenooffspring工会章程.

Peoplewithdisability(无资格）forcrimentenceareforbiddentovisitparents'grave恨铁不成钢的意思,becauit

mightmakethedeadgrievous阎维文歌曲母亲.

InGermanyandIndian婚姻法司法解释二全文,peoplethereusuallybringwithrotoattendafuneralormournforthe

death关节炎病因,asaresultofit豁然,rethesameaslily(百合

花）inIndia校园笑话大全2013.

Whensleeping宅女在古代后宫的幸福生活,peopletherecannotheadwestward番茄鸡蛋汤,becauinThailand,peoplethinkthat

suntreprentsdeath描写中秋节的古诗.

AnimalandTaboosAuniversalphenomenonaroundtheworld

Owls:

ToChine----mostfearfulofowls:AChineproverb:夜猫子进宅那一刻我长大了300作文，无事不来；夜猫子抖

搂翅打工心得，大小有点事儿.theowl：agodofplague(瘟神)k歌之王粤语歌词.

ToEuropeans---oneoftheinauspicious/ominousbirds

Cukoo:

ToChine----lovingcuckoo’scalls,themesngerofspring:

ToEuropeans---differentinterpretations:beforeApril6保护水资源的重要性,aninauspiciousomenonApril28,a

veryauspiciousyear

Cock:ToChine:afavoritebird研究的近义词,notabooaboutit

TotheWesterners:itscrowsimply:enceoratdusk:badweather

ight:efrontdoor:anunexpectedvisitor

TheWesternfarmerslikewhitecocks/roosters,believingtheycanprotectthefarmsandbenefit

illbeinauspicioustokillawhitecockformeal.

Swallow:

TotheWesterners:intelligent(有灵性)，foretellingthelucks:

ngnestsonthebeams:goodluckforthehosts

gthehoubeforethenormaldeparturetime:thesignofmisfortune

Bee:

ToChine:diligence

TotheWesterners:“themesngerofgoodluck”

gonone’shand:gettingrich;gonone’shead:gettingfamous

Ladybug/ladybird:

ToChine:notaboosaboutit

ToWesterners:goodluck:

gonaperson’sbody:ngtoyou请你接受我的爱,git:

misfortune.

12

Cat

ToChine:notaboos

TotheWesterners:unfaithful,abandoningtheirformerhosts;associatingblackcatswithwitches克隆好友,

signifyingsomethinginauspicious冰凤凰出装,connectinghumanwiththespirits/ghosts

TotheWesterners:

wardorrunningbyone:gstillbesideone如何应对高考,signifyingpeace

gyourbodyrepeatedly李世民杀兄弟的真正原因,gatyou哑剧打针,agoodchance

Dog

ToChine:human’sfaithfulfriendsTotheWesterners:human’sfaithfulfriends;prophet

dog’sbarking:symbolic

ringwithoutreason:predictingsomeonefromthefamilymeetwithanaccident

gatnight,thesignofdeathordisaster

gatapatient’sdoor:thecomingdeathforhim

’spleasantgreetingtoavisitor:agoodfriendandgoodluckforthehost

’scontinualbarkingatthevisitor,abadfriendandmisfortuneforthehost

gthroughbetweenthegroomandbride番禺长隆欢乐世界,anillomen,butakisswillpreventthe

misfortunefromoccurring元旦联欢会.

gdogs水果奶油蛋糕,badluckforvenyears

Euphemisms

Definition

mismisawordorphrathatstandsinforanotherwordorphra,chontomaskor

softenthetruemeaningofwhatisbeingexpresd.

mismisapolitewordorphra,whichisudtodescribeacontroversialorindiscreet

activity桃树种植.

stitutionofamild,indirect监控方案,orvagueexpressionforonethoughtsubstituted.

gureofspeechwhichconsistsinthesubstitutionofawordorexpressionof

comparativelyfavorableimplicationorlessunpleasantassociations熹妃传厨房,insteadoftheharsherormore

offensiveonethatwouldmoreprecilydesignatewhatisintended.

(1)Euphemismsforprofessions:road-sweeperordustman（扫大街的））看例子

(2)dias:socialdia（社会疾病）:syphilis（梅毒）andAIDS（艾滋病）tuberculosi

肺结核）：lungtrouble（肺部毛病）：pneumonia（肺炎）:theoldman’sfriend（老年之友）

(3)Defecation(如厕）

(4)DeathDeath(inEnglish):

(5)Pregnancy(怀孕

Nonverbalcommunication

forexample西安加盟店,facialexpression火车票是怎么放票的,personalspace关于跨年的励志句子,eyecontact孕晚期宫缩,uoftime黑板报素材,andconversational

silence旧貌换新颜.

onsofNonverbalCommunication

１）Repeating２）Complementing３）Substituting４）Regulating５）Contradicting

orsandmeansofnonverbalcommunicationeconomy.

1)Kinesics:Ourbodylanguage2)HeadMovements3)Armmovements4)Handgestures

13

国家动作意思

No”

Nepale,Srinoddingthehead

Lankanwenchuan earthquake,some

Indiansandsome

Eskimos

Bulgarians

southernIndia

Westernculture

Asian

E-Scountries

E-Scountries

asinglegirl

UnitedStates

Shakingone’shead

movingone’sheadfromsidetoside

loweredhead

loweringone’shead

tosshishead

nodhishead

agreeing

notanegation党费收缴标准.

defeatoruncertainty

indicationofintentlistening.

angry,disappointed,bored

anxious

greetinganacquaintance

张小娟，or

tossingherhairovertoherback,togethercourtingorflirting

withonehandflickingthehair.

poundhisfistonthetable

Movingheadfromtherighttotheleft

emphasizeapointinadiscussion

“Ok”,hesitation爱和自由,havingnoidea

-so教师节花，even

homoxuality.

Threatenthelistenerandmore

powerful关键在于落实读后感.

drawattentiontothespeaker

signalhappinessbutalsoanger

anof

confidence

superiorityand

men

Japanemen

Arabmen

bigarmmovements

farfewerarmmovements

Gesturesandwaving

putshisarmsbackwithonehandizingotherpalm

twohandsgripwithfingersclampedandthethumbsrubeachellsproudandlf-satisfied,bored教师节颁奖词,

othernervousandworriedorvexed

crossingoftwoforearmsonthechest

E-Scounties

Englishman

grippedhandgesture

Atower

TheV-shapedfinger

signofhonesty.

frustratedorhostile

carefreeandleisurely,unrestrained我相信杨培安.

youmaygetapunchforitmeans

“Fuckyou!”

NorthAmericaandtwistshisforefingersandmiddlefingersofGoodluckforyou!butinsome

manyofEuropeanbothhandsothercountries年例,itsymbolize

“breakingoffrelations

Americans

Chine

American

American

American

Circlinganindexfingerneartherightcrazyorsomethingwrongwith

temple

one’sbrainormindleadtomis

同上

pattingone’shead

uyourbrain!

givingcomfort青椒土豆丝,orencouragement萨摩犬,

oraffection.

forefingeruptohisthroatlevelandmovesgetinvolvedintroubles

horizontally

fingerchangesintoadownwardpalm

I’mfulluptohere”

14

Some

countries

Western

anerectedthumb（竖大拇指）

Givemealift河北医科大学怎么样,plea消防预案.

Fuck，Aninsultinggesture

Aninsultinggesture

lookslikeacoin,“money”.

“zero”or“worthless”.

arudeorinsultinggesture

defianceorcontempt

onehasbroughtsomeoneelunder

control蔷薇花下.

nottodosomething政风行风评议,implyingthat

someoneisdoingsomethingwrong上海三日游攻略.

contemptsomeoneeltoleave

obediencewithoutanythreatening创新素质实践行.

Australians，Nigeria同上

Japan:“5”路在脚下,andinGermany到迪拜旅游,forthenumber1.

Japan

French

American

English-speaker

American

E-Scountry

E-Snatives

re

re

thumbshisnos

presshisthumbonthedesk

wagshisforefinger

sweepingsomeoneoff”

theupwardpalm

Germans咏鹅古诗，Brazilians

re

palmdown建国70周年观后感,theforefingerextendedandpointingandfingersinvasion

clasped

E-Scountries

Chine

West

Handshake

（1）Theorderofthehandshake:usually,theinitiativetoshakehandswitheachother说木叶教案,friendly

estsvisit,thehostshouldtaketheinitiativetoshakehands未婚妻 张智霖,towelcomeand

thank;Whentheguestsleave,thehostshouldbepassivetoshakehands;

Etiquettesforhandshaking

lly事事旺,don'tshakehandswithpeoplewhilesitting;

ersationwithotherscasuallyshakehandswithanotherperson那一刻我长大了300作文,shakehandscold;

Itisstrictlyprohibitedinothersheadshakehandswitheachother;

Ifmeal有十只羊,thereisnecessarytoshakehands厉声的反义词,shouldleavetheattoshakehandswitheachother,

nottoshakehandsorfoodatthedinnertableabove简单早餐食谱大全.

（2）Orderforpeopleofdifferentpositionsshakehands:Superiorandeldersfirsthand,the

lowerandtheyoungerfollow;Handshakebetweenheteroxualorder:ladiesusuallyinitiate

handshake;

Menusuallyshakealady’sfingers;ifaladydoesn’tamancannodorbowtogreet黄色脑筋急转弯.

Twoformsofpolitician’shandshake:twoforms:

(1)theglovehandshake:

One’stwohandscupfiercelytheother’shand;

(2)Keepinggraspinganotherperson’srighthand,theholder’slefthandmakessome“intimate”

actions:touchingtheother’swrist,arm,shoulderoreventheneck.

HandshakecustomswithChinecharacteristics

(1)WhenaChineshakeshandswithhissuperiororadistinguishedguest鲁滨逊漂流记好词好句,heshouldslightly

westernersconsiderthisgesturetobehumble.

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pointstoapersonwithathumb

slaphisface.

stretchedouthisrighthand

asneering/jeeringgesture大名鼎鼎的意思.

regrets

heldweaponshadnohostility

（2）IfaChinegentlemanwearsahatandshakeshandswithanotherperson,it’snotnecessary

totakeoffthehat食材 带鱼窍门,butamaleWesternerthinksitpolitetotakeoffthehatbeforeheshakeshands.

（3）Chineusuallyfirstshakehandsandthenstandclor酷男孩,

peoplefromE-Scountriesthinkthatcommunicationshouldkeepaproperbodydistance,akept

ingtotheircustomsandetiquette,theproperhandshakeis

andshakeisonly

acceptablewhengovernmentleadersorpoliticianswanttopoforphoto-taking西风的话教案.

ApplicationofHandshakes

CountryorRegionTypeofhandshake

UnitedStatesFirmhandshake

FranceSofthandshake

GermanyFirmhandshake有趣的谐音歇后语,formendota剑圣出什么装备,traditionallyaccompaniedbyaslightbow

JapanHandshakewitharmfirmlyextended,accompaniedbybow

MiddleEastHandshakeandfreehandplacedonforearmofotherperson

Purdlips

Purdlipsmightbeanindicatorofdistaste1280 800,disapprovaltata木门图片,ordistrust.

Lipbiting

Peoplesometimesbitetheirlipswhentheyareworried南方谈话,anxious,orstresd电影南征北战.

Coveringthemouth

Whenpeoplewanttohideanemotionalreaction,theymightcovertheirmouthsinordertoavoid

displayingasmileorsmirk.

Claspingthehandsbehindthebackmightindicatethatapersonisfeelingbored,anxious猪腰子,or

evenangry中国未来经济发展趋势.

Rapidlytappingfingerscanbeasignthatapersonisbored,impatient怀念童年的句子,orfrustrated良辰美景奈何天 歌词.

Crosdlegscanindicatethatapersonisfeelingclodofforinneedofprivacy.

FacialExpressions

g

Differentimplicationsofsmilingindifferentculturesandpeople’sattitudestowardsitPeoplein

allculturessmileattimes;however,ingontheculture如何使用itunes,it

canindicatejoyandamument淡水鱼,butitalsocanindicateembarrassment梦见女人洗澡.

Inanattempttoappearopenandfriendly,nesmiles

einotherculturetheAmericansmileoftenappearsinsincereandfrozen

（sneering）爱上你是我的错.

Toguaranteethattheteetharehidden,Japanewomentendtoputahandinfrontoftheirmouths

enwhogreetcustomersinbanksandstoreswithadeepbowdonot

okpleasant,buttheydon’treallysmileatthecustomerthe

wayanAmericanwould.

Germanssmile,llsaybluntly(直

率地)2个字名字,“Lifeisvere,andthereisverylittletosmileabout谦让作文.”Germansareveryrerved暖小团微博,butfor

leisyetanotheremotionaldisplaythatis

rootedinone’leworldsmiles,buttheamountofsmiling,thestimulusthat

producesthesmile兔子尾巴,andevenwhatthesmileiscommunicatingoftenshiftfromculturetoculture工艺流程图.

InAmericacf空白名字怎么打,ghthesame

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meaningsarefoundintheJapaneculture广告中国,thesmilealsocanmaskanemotionorbeudto

anculture金工实习论文,toomuchsmilingisoftenperceivedasthesignof

ashallowperson初三班主任工作计划.

Smilesandlaughterusuallyconveyfriendliness,approval,satisfaction,pleasure暴力英语,joy,merriment.

r,thereare

situationswhensomeChinewilllaughthatwillcaunegativereactionsbyWesterners.

Don'ttouchMiddlegroundTouch

JapanAustraliaLatinAmerican

UnitedStatesFranceItaly

CanadaChinaGreece

ScandinaviaIrelandSpain博山style,Russia

NorthernEuropeIndiaqq空间代码怎么用,MiddleEastPortugalSomeAsiancountries

CultureandValues

Thefourdimensions

dualism-collectivism;aintyavoidance;

istance;inity-femininity.

Americans’values

ult,youmightfindtheactions

confusing,rKohlshasdevelopedalistof13commonlyheldvalues

dslabelingthevaluespositiveor

negative.

alcontrolovertheenvironment/personality

Americansdonotbelieveinthepoweroffate从比,andtheylookatpeoplewhodoasbeingbackward,

primitive为什么电脑老死机,ornaïve(childish).

enasnaturalandpositive

IntheAmericanmind为什么会得糖尿病,changeisenasindisputablygood李白预言诗,leadingtodevelopment,improvement,

der自荐书,moretraditionalculturesconsiderchangedisruptiveanddestructive;they

valuestability夏精灵,continuity,tradition愚人节有趣的段子,andancientheritage—noneofwhichareconsideredvery

importantintheUnitesStates.

MostWesterncountriesvalueindividualismandpeoplestrivehardtoachieveindividualidentity

sterncountriesdon’tstress

mes

individualshavetosacrificetheirownintereststoachievewhatisgoodforthegroup滴水岩.

aintyavoidanceisthevaluedimensionbywhichaculturalgroup’sreactiontouncertain

ingtoHofstede怎么搞qq空间,cultureswith

high-uncertainty-avoidanceemphasizesocialstabilityandcurityandoftenfeelthreatenedat

newideasandinnovations全民健康说.

dualism/independence

Americansist

eydojoingroup吸乒乓球游戏规则,they

believetheyarespecial动物的成语四字成语,justalittledifferentfromothermembersofthesamegroups我不难过 孙燕姿.

/workorientation

“Don’tjuststandthere,”saysatypicalbitofAmericanadvice,“dosomething!”This

expression美式婚礼,thoughnormallyudinacrisissituation,inandescribesmostAmericans’

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workinglife安徽理科状元,whereaction—anyaction—isenassuperiortoinaction.

Themasculineculturesarecharacterizedbyqualitiesthatareusuallyfoundinmales南京有什么大学,such

asasrtiveness,ambition2022元旦文案简短,achievement西柚减肥法,loveofmaterialposssions;whilefeminineculturesare

characterizedbyfemale-orientedqualities:caring圆明园兽首,nurturing母亲节主持词,modestyandcooperationetc.

Sotheteachersinamasculineculturewillpraithestudentsfortheirasrtivebehaviorandtheir

effortsh

studentsmayreceivecriticismfromtheteachersinfeminineculturesbecausocial

accommodationismorehighlyregarded.

还有日本人和美国人空间观念的对比，看Space那里，中国的建筑特点

6)HelpingYourlfandRefusing：Itispolitetotakesomeofeverythingthatispasdtoyou很爱过歌词.

Butifthereissomethingyoumaynotlike流行音乐网站,youmayquietlysay:"Nothankyou萝卜丝炒肉."

7)SecondHelpings：Thehostessmayormaynotaskifyouwouldlikeacondhelping后六中学,

oesandyouacceptit生活技巧,youshouldpassyourplateto

herortothervantwiththeknifeandforkstilllyingonit海葬.

11)LeavingtheTable：Itisimpoliteforaguesttoleavethetableduringameal耐心的反义词是什么,orbeforethe

ehostessindicatesthatthedinnerisover,shewillstart

torifromheratandalltheguestsrifromtheirsatthesametime.

litetofinisheatingeverythingonyourplate卢梭名言.

inkingtosomeone’shealth,youraiyourglass,buttheglassshouldnottouch.

Itstillappearsatalmostallsocialactivities,themostcommonoccasionsbeingbusinessdinners手抄报设计图,

birthdayparties,weddingfeastsandsacrificeceremoniesinwhichliquormustbethemaindrink

ehospitalityrequiresthatpeopletoasteachother

toastsarestillthenorminChina.

Gift-givingEtiquette

ralpeoplelovetogiveandreceive

hcountryhasitsasonsand

occasionsforgivinggifts田忌赛马教学反思.

Gift-givinginAmerica

*Lavish（浪费）知难而退的意思,anbusinesspeoplehaveshown

ngworthmorethan25dollarswillgorightto

thebottomline阿长与 山海经 .

*tisadmired小产权房转让合同,andappreciationixpresdverbally.

Businessgiftstotheofficeordepartment传播学论文,suchasabasketoffruitorboxofcandy,areopened

immediatelyandsharedbyall.(Themanager'stakingthegifthometosharewithhisorherfamily

isconsideredtobeinpoortaste我去年买了个表下一句.)

Gift-givinginChina

InChina考场纪律,highvalueisplacedonthepracticeofGuanxi（关系）whichisrootedinConfucian

oughtthatindividualswhoshareaGuanxinetworkarecommittedtooneanotherby

onshipsarebuiltandsustainedthroughthe

exchangeoffavorsandgiftsinattaininggoalsthatarebeneficialforbothparties.

SincetheChineviewbusinessgiftsassymbolsoffriendship,trust对辅导员的评价,andmutualobligation,itis

besttolectitemsthatbestreprentone'tnecessarythatthegiftsshouldbe

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expensive,buttheyshouldbethoughtfullychons

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