UNITONE专业外语建筑类

UNITONE专业外语建筑类
UNITONE专业外语建筑类
WordsandExpressions
enclosuren.围墙(栏);封围
dictatev.规定;限定
subconsciouslyad.下(潜)意识地
edificen.大厦,大建筑物;体系
compressionn.压力;压缩
withstandv.经受得住;抵抗
spanv.跨过;架设
n.跨度;开度
voidn.空间(位),虚(空)体
tensilea.张力的,拉力的
sturdya.结实的,坚固的
rectanglen.长方形,矩形
aesthetica.美学的,审美的
fibrousa.含纤维的,纤维状的
readilyad.容易地,不费力
WordsandExpressionnclosure
WordsandExpressions
gridironn.梁格结构,格状结构
skeletonn.构架;草图;轮廓
cantilevern.悬臂梁,突梁
projectv.伸〔突)出;设计
correspondencen.符合,一致;相应
naven.(教堂的)正厅;(火车站等建筑的)中间广场
aislen.走廊,侧廊
tranptn.(教堂的)袖廊,翼部
chapeln.小礼拜堂
apn.多边形(或半园形)凹室;耳(室)房
Gothicn.哥特式建筑的
cathedraln.大教堂,主教堂
modulen.模度(数,量);模件
WordsandExpressionsgridiron
cravev.渴望,需要
imperceptiblyad.觉察不到地
balustraden.栏杆,扶手
colonnaden.柱廊,柱列
inherenta.内在的,固有的
ornamentn.装饰(物)
identifiablea.可识别的,可区别的
crave
Para.1andPara.2
Architectureistheartofbuilding.Virtuallyallarchitectureisconcernedwiththeenclosureofspaceforhumanu.Thepreciactivitiestobehoudinanyspecificbuilding,rangingfromanasmblylineinafactorytoalivingroominahome,shoulddictatethesizeandshapeoftheveralareaswithin.Thespacesalsomustbearrangedinsomelogicalrelationtoeachother.Furthermore,themovementofhumanbeingswithinthebuildingrequireshallsstairsorelevatorswhosizeisgovernedbytheexpectedloadoftraffic.Theplanofastructure,alwaysthefirstconsiderationofanarchitect,istheresolutionofthedifferentpurposintoanorganizationofspacesthatwillfulfilltheintentofthebuilding.Goodplanningguidesthevisitortohisdestinationinthestructureandimpresshim,perhapssubconsciously,byvisiblyrelatingtheveralunitsoftheedifice.Converly,abadplanresultsininconvenience,wasteandvisualconfusion.
Furthermore,astructuremustbewellbuilt,itcouldhavesuchpermanenceasthepurpoforwhichitisintendeddemandsandasthematerialschonmayallow.Therawmaterialsofarchitecture-stone,brick,wood,steel,orglass-inprêtgoverntheformsofthebuildingandareexpresdbythem.Stonecanresistcompressionalmostindefinitely.Whileitispossibletocrushstoneinalaboratory,forpracticalpurpositscompressivestrengthisunlimited.
Para.1andPara.2Architectur
Para.3andPara.4
Ontheotherhand,stoneisweakinwithstandingtension.Anybeamspanningavoidtendstobenddownwardbetweenthesupports,puttingthelowerhalfofthebeamundertension.Itfollowsformthetensileweaknessofstonethatbeamsofthismaterialmustbecomparativelyshortandsupportedatfrequentintervals.Moreover,stonecolumnsmustbesturdy,rarelymorethan10timesashighastheyarewide.Instonebuildings,windows,doors,andthespacesbetweencolumnsarealmostcompelledtobetallerthantheyarewide-theverticalrectangleofthestoneaesthetic.
Wood,afibrousmaterial,withstandstensionasreadilyasitdoescompression.Woodenbeamsmayberelativelylongerthanstonebeams,andwoodenpostsslenderandwidelyspaced.Ahorizontalrectangle,widerthanitishigh,resultsfromthenaturalpropertiesofwood,asmaybeeninJapanearchitecture.Steelalsohastensilestrengththatiqualtoorgreaterthanitscompressivestrength.Anyonewhohasobrvedasteelbuildingunderconstructionmusthavenoticedthegridironofhorizontalrectanglesproducedbytheslender,widelyspacedcolumnsandthelongbeamsofeachfloor.Thenatureofwoodandofsteelsuggestsframeconstruction-askeletontosupportfloorsandroof-withwhateversurfacingmaterialmaybenecessary.Woodandsteelalsopermitcantileverconstructioninwhichbeamsprojectbeyondthelastpointofsupport.
Para.3andPara.4Ontheothe
Para.5andPara.6
Finally,architecturemustdomorethanmeetthephysicalrequirementsofstrengthandspace;itmustalsocontentthespiritofman.Thebuildingshouldformanaestheticunitytowhichtheveralpartscontribute.Thus,thesidesandrearofastructureshouldbearsufficientdivisions,too,requiresomeexpressionintheexternaldesign.Thenave,aisles,tranpts,ap,andradiatingchapelsofGothiccathedrals,forexample,areallvisibleontheexterior,sothatthevisitorissubconsciouslypreparedforwhathewillfindinside.
Architecturecallsforgoodproportions-apleasingrelationshipofvoidstosolids,ofheighttowidth,oflengthtobreadth.Manyattemptshavebeenmadetoexplaingoodproportionsbymathematicalformulas,suchasthegoldenction.Theeffortshavenotfoundgeneralacceptance,however,althoughgoodresultshavebeenachievedthroughtherepetitionofsomedimension(forexample,amodulethatishalfthediameterofacolumn)throughoutadesign.Suchrepetitionshelptoproducethevisibleorderthatthehumanmindemstocrave.
Para.5andPara.6Finally,ar
Para.7andPara.8
Abuildingalsoshouldhavewhatarchitectscall“scale”:thatis,itshouldvisuallyconveyitstruesize.Suchelementsasbenches,steps,orbalustrades,thoughslightlyvariableinsize,are,bytheirverypurpo,relatedtothenormaldimensionsofhumanbeings.Theythereforebecome,almostimperceptibly,unitsofmeasurementforgaugingthesizeofthewholeedifice.Becautheunitsaresosmallincomparisontothewholebuilding,otherelementsofintermediatesizeareneeded.Stairsandabalustrademaygiveacluetothesizeofadoorway;that,inturn,totheheightofacolonnade;andfinally,thecolonnadetothewholestructure.ThePetitTrianonatVersaillesisperfectinscale.TheabnceofsmallelementsinSt.Peter’sinRomemakesitdifficulttoperceiveitsvastness.
Althoughalldecorationisrejectedinsomemodernarchitecture,itwamployedinthepasteitherforitsinherentbeautyortoemphasizesomepointofimportanceinthebuilding.Decorationorornamentmaybeudtocontributetocharacter,thevisibleexpressionofthepurpoofthebuilding.Thusabankshouldlooklikeabank,andachurchshouldbeimmediatelyidentifiableassuch.Ideally,too,anybuildingshouldemtobelongonitssite,withsomerelationshiptoitsarchitecturalneighborsandtothelocalgeography.
Para.7andPara.8Abuilding
Para.1
Architectureistheartofbuilding.
建筑学是建造的艺术。
Architecture
Para.1Architectureistheart
Para.1
Virtuallyallarchitectureisconcernedwiththeenclosureofspaceforhumanu.
实质上整个建筑学都与供人使用的围合空间有关.
isconcernedwith与……有关
enclosure围住,围栏,四周有篱笆或围墙的场地
Para.1Virtuallyallarchitect