language

Chapter12LanguageandBrain
Neurolinguistics
Neurolinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenbrainandlanguage.
Itincludesrearchinto
◇howthestructureofthebrain
influenceslanguagelearning
◇howandinwhichpartsofthe
brainlanguageisstored
◇howdamagetothebrainaffects
theabilitytoulanguage
LateralizationoftheBrain
Humanbodyisasymmetrical:heart,liver,uoflimbs,etc.
Functionsofthebrainbecomelateralized
Eachhemispherespecializedforparticularwaysofworking
Split-brainpatientsaregoodexamplesoflateralizationoflanguagefunctions
BrainLateralization(大脑侧化)
Brainlateralizationreferstothelocalizationofcognitiveandperceptualfunctionsinaparticularhemisphereofthebrain.Forexampletherighthemisphereprocessstimulimoreholisticallyandthelefthemispheremoreanalytically.Inmostpeople,thelefthemispherehasprimaryresponsibilityforlanguage,whiletherighthemispherecontrolsvisualandspatialskills.
Lateralizationoffunctions
Left-hemisphere:
Sequentialanalysis
Analytical
Problemsolving
Language
Right-hemisphere:
Simultaneousanalysis
Synthetic
Visual-Spatialskills
Cognitivemaps
Personalspace
Facialrecognition
Drawing
Emotionalfunctions
Recognizingemotions
Expressingemotions
Music
MethodstoStudytheBrain
SAT(阿米妥纳试验)
CT(计算机化轴向层面X射线摄影法CT扫描)
PET(正电子发射X射线层析照相术)
SplitBrainStudies(裂脑试验)
DichoticListening(两耳分听研究)
BrainareasinvolvedinLanguage
Broca’sAphasia
Lesionsintheleftinferiorfrontalregion(Broca’sarea)
Nonfluent,labored,andhesitantspeech
Mostalsolosttheabilitytonamepersonsorsubjects(anomia)
Canutterautomaticspeech(“hello”)
Comprehensionrelativelyintact
Mostalsohavepartialparalysisofonesideofthebody(hemiplegia)
Ifextensive,notmuchrecoveryovertime
Wernicke’sAphasia
Lesionsinposterioroftheleftsuperiortemporalgyrus,extendingtoadjacentparietalcortex
Fluentspeech
Butcontainsmanyparaphasias
“girl”-“curl”,“bread”-“cake”
Syntacticalbutemptyntences
Cannotrepeatwordsorntences
Unabletounderstandwhattheyreadorhear
Usuallynopartialparalysis