2022年江苏GRE考试考前冲刺卷.pdf

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1.{BUSet
{{B}}TheScienceofAnthropoIogy{{/B}}
Throughvariousmethodsofrearch,anthropologiststrytofit
togetherthepiecesofthehumanpuzzle-todiscoverhowhumanitywas
firstachieved,whatmadeitbranchoutindifferentdirections,andwhy
paratesocietiesbehavesimilarlyinsomeways,butquitedifferently
inotherways,Anthropology,whichemergedasanindependentsciencein
thelateeighteenthcentury,hastwomaindivisions:PhysicaI
AnthropologyandCulturalAnthropology.PhysicaIAnthropologyfocus
onhumanevoIutionandvariationandusmethodsofphysioIogy,geneticsf
andecoIogy.CulturalanthropologyfocusoncultureandincIudes
ArchaeoIogy,sociaIanthropology,andIinguisties.
PhysicaIanthropologistsaremostconcernedwithhumanbioIogy.
PhysicaIanthropologistsaredetectiveswhomissionistosolvethe
mysteryofhowhumanscametobehuman.Theyaskquestionsabouttheevents
thatledatree-dwelIingpopuIationofanimalstoevoIveintotwo-1egged
beingswithpowertolearn-apowerthatweca11inte11igence.PhysicaI
anthropologistsstudythefossiIsandorganicremainsofonce-living
primates.TheyalsostudytheconnectionsbetweenhumansandotherEvaluationWarning:Thedocumentwascreatedwithfor.
primatesthatarestillIiving.Monkeys,apes,andhumanshavemorein
commonwithoneanotherphysica11ythantheydowithotherkindsof
animals,Inthelabanthropologistsuthemethods,ofphysioIogyand
geneticstoinvestigatethecompositionofbloodchemistryforcluesto
therelationshipofhumanstovariousprimates.Somestudytheanimals
inthewiIdtofindoutwhatbehaviorstheysharewithhumans.Others
specuIateabouthowthebehaviorofnonhumanprimatesmighthaveshaped
humanbodiIyneedsandhabits.
Awe11-knownfamiIyofphysicaIanthropologists,theLeakeys,
conductedrearchinEastAfricaindicatingthathumanevoIution
centeredthereratherthanAsia.In1931.LouisLeakeyandhiswifeMary
Leakeybeganexcavatingat01duvaiGorgeinTanzania,whereoverthenext
fortyyearstheydiscoveredstonetoolsandhominidevidencethatpushed
backthedatesforearlyhumanstoover375mi11ionyearsago.Theirson,
RichardLeakey,discoveredyetothertypesofhominidskulIsinKenya,
whichhewroteaboutinOrigins(1979)andOriginsReconsidered(1992),
LikephysicaIanthropologists,culturalanthropologistsstudyclues
abouthumanIifeinthedistantpast;however,culturalanthropologists
alsolookatthesimilaritiesanddifferencesamonghumancommunities
today.Someculturalanthropologistsworkinthefield,livingand
workingamongpeopIeinsocietiesthatdifferfromtheirown.
AnthropoIogistsdoingfieIdworkoftenproducea11ethnography,awritten
descriptionofthedailyactivitiesofmen,women,andchiIdrenthattells
thestoryofthesociety1scommunityIifeasawhoIe.Somecultural
anthropologistsdonotworkinthefieldbutratheratrearch
universitiesandMuumsdoingthecomparativeandinterpretivepartof
thejob.Theanthropologists,calledethnologists,siftthroughthe
ethnographieswrittenbyfieldanthropologistsandtrytodiscover
crossculmturalpatternsinmarriage,childrearing,reIigiousbeIiefsEvaluationWarning:Thedocumentwascreatedwithfor.
andpractices,warfare-anysubjectthatconstitutesthehuman
experience.Theyoftenutheirfindingstoarguefororagainst
particularhypothesaboutpeopIeworldwide.
AculturalanthropologistwhoachievedworldwidefamewasMargaret
Mead.In1923,MeadwenttoSamoatopursueherfirstfieldwork
assignment-astudythatresultedinherwidelyreadbookComingofAges
inSamoa(1928).MeadpubIishedtenmajorworksduringherlongcareer,
movingfromstudiesofchildrearinginthePacifictotheculturaland
biologicalbasofgender,thenatureofculturalchange,thestructure
andfunctioningofcompIexsocieties,andracerelations.Meadremained
apioneerinherwillingnesstotackIesubjectsofmajorinte11ectuaI
conquence,todeveIopnewtechnoIogiesforrearch,andtothinkof
newwaysthatanthropologycouldrvesociety.
Glossary:
primates:theorderofmammaIsthatincIudesapesandhumans
hominid:thefamilyofprimatesofwhichhumansaretheonlyliving
species
Thephrabranch,outinparagraph1isclostinmeaningto
A.parate.
B.hurry.
C.look.
D.originate.
2.{{BllSet3{{/B]]
{{B}}OrganicArchitecture{{/B}}
OneofthemoststrikingpersonalitiesinthedeveIopmentof
early-twentiethcenturyarchitecturewasFrankLloydWright(1867-1959)
WrightattendedtheUniversityofWisconsininMadisonbeforemovingto
Chicago,whereheeventua11yjoinedthefirmheadedbyLouisSulIivan.EvaluationWarning:Thedocumentwascreatedwithfor.
Wrighttouttocreate"architectureofdemocracyM.EarlyinfIuences
werethevolumetricshapesinatofeducationaIbIockstheGerman
educatorFriedrichFroebeldesigned,theorganicunityofaJapane
buildingWrightsawattheCoIumbianExpositioninChicagoin1893,and
aJeffersonianbeliefinindividuaIismandpopuIism.AlwaysabeIiever
inarchitectureas"natural11and"organic”,Wrightsawitasrvingfree
individualswhohavetherighttomovewithinafreespace,envisioned
asanonsymmetricaldesigninteractingspatia11ywithitsnatural
surroundings.HesoughttodeveIopanorganicunityofpIanningf
structure,materials,andsite.Wrightidentifiedtheprincipleof
continuityasfundamentaItounderstandinghisviewoforganicunity:
"ClassicarchitecturewasalIfixations.NowwhynotletwaIIs,ceilings,
floorsbecomeenascomponentpartsofeachotherThisideaIfprofound
initsarchitecturalimpIicationsIcalledcontinuity.n
Wrightmanifestedhisvigorousoriginalityearly,andby1900hehad
arrivedatastyleandentirelystartedhisown.Inhisworkduringthe
firstdecadeofthetwentiethcentury,hiscross-axialplanandhisfabric
ofcontinuousroofplanesandscreensdefinedanewdomesticarchitecture.
WrightfullyexpresdtheeIementsandconceptsinRobieHou,
builtbetween1907and1909.LikeotherbuiIdingsintheChicagoarea
hedesignedataboutthesametime,thiswascalledaprairiehou.Wright
conceivedthelong,sweepingground-huggingIines,unconfinedbyabrupt
walIIimitsrasreachingouttowardandcapturingtheexpansivenessof
theplacegreatflatlands.StartingabandoningalIsymmetry,the
architecteliminatedafacade,extendedtheroofsfarbeyondthewalls,
andalIbutconceaIedtheentrance.Wrightfilledthe“wandering"plan
oftheRobieHouwithintricatelyjoinedspaces(somelargeandopen,
otherscIod)vgroupedfreelyaroundagreatcentralfireplace.(He
beIievedstronglyinthehearth5sage-oIddomesticsignificance.)WrightEvaluationWarning:Thedocumentwascreatedwithfor.
designedencIodpatiosroverhangingroofs,andstripwindowstoprovide
unexpectedIightsourcesandglimpsoftheoutdoorsaspeopIemove
throughtheinteriorspace.Theelements,togetherwiththeopenground
plan,createanofspace-inmotioninsideandout.Hetmassand
voidsinequiIibrium;thefIowofinteriorspacedeterminedtheexterior
walIplacement.Theexterior,ssharpangularplanesmeetatapparentIy
oddangIes,matchingthecomplexplayofinteriorsolids,whichfunction
notasinertcontainingsurfacesbutaIementquivaIentinroleto
thedesign'sspaces.
TheRobieHouisagoodexampIeofWright'snnaturalism'\his
adjustingofabuildingtoitssite.However,inthisparticularca,
theconfinesofthecitylotconstrainedthebuiIding-to-site
relationshipmorethandidthesitesofsomeofWright'smoreexpansive
suburbanandcountryhomes.TheKaufmannHou,nicknameednFalIing
water"anddesignedasaweekendretreatatBearRunnearPittsburghis
astartprimeexampIeofthelatter.Perchedonarockyhillsideover
asma11waterfaIlvthisstructureextendstheRobieHou1sbIockymass
inalIfourdirections.Thecontrastintexturesbetweenconcrete,
paintedmetaI,andnaturalstonesinitswallnIivenitsshapes,as
doesWright1suoffulI-lengthstripwindowstocreateastunning
interweavingofinteriorandexteriorspace.
TheimpliedmessageofWright1snewarchitecturewasspace,notmass
baspacedesignedtofitthepatron,sIifeandencIodanddivided
asrequired.Wrighttookspecialpainstomeethisclient'srequirements,
oftendesigningalItheaccessoriesofahou.Inthelate1930s,he
actedonacherisheddreamtoprovidegoodarchitecturaldesignforless
prosperouspeopIebyadaptingtheideasofhisprairiehoutoplans
forsmaIler,Iesxpensivedwe11ings.ThepubIicationofWright'spIans
broughthimameasureoffameinEurope,especiallyinHo11andandGermany.EvaluationWarning:Thedocumentwascreatedwithfor.
TheissuanceinBerIinin1910ofaportfoIioofhisworkandanexhibition
ofhisdesignsthefollowingyearstimuIatedyoungerarchitectstoadopt
A.Fixation.
B.Ideal.
C.Continuity.
D.Classic.
3.
{{B}}Narrator{{/B}}
ListentoapartofaconversationinIibrary.
Whatisthestudent,shometeIephonenumber
A.94561309.
B.98351309.
C.98356712.
D.94566712.
4.
{{B}}ReadingSectionDirections{{/B}}
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comprehensionquestionsabouteachpassage.Mostquestionsareworthone
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{{BUSet1{{/B}}
{{B}}New-AgeTransport{{/B}}
ItlooksasifitcamestraightfromthetofStarWars.Ithas
four-wheeldriveandrisaboverockysurfaces.Itlowersandrais
itsnowhengoingupanddownhills.Andwhenitcomestoariver,it
turnsamphibious:twohydrojetspoweritalongbyblastingwaterunder
itsbody.Thereisroomfortwopasngersandadriver,whositinside
aglassbubbIeoperatingelectronic,aircraft-typecontrols.AvehicIe
sodaringonlandandwaterneedswindscreenwipers-butitdoesn9
thaveany.WatermoIecuIesaredisintegratedonthescreen,ssurface
byultrasonicnsors.
ThisunusuaIvehicleistheRacoon.ItisaninventionnotofHo11ywood
butofRenault,aratherconrvativeFrenchstate-ownedcarmaker,better
knownforitsfamiIyhatchbacks.Renau11builttheRacoontoexplorenew
freedomsfordesignersandengineerscreatedbyadvancesinmaterials
andmanufacturingprocess.Renau11isthinkingaboutstartIingly
differentcars;otherproducershaveradicalnewideasfortrains,boats
andaeroplanes.
Thefirstofthenewfreedomsisindesign.Powerfulcomputer-aided
design(CAD)systemscanrepIacewithaclickofacomputermouhours
oflaboriousworkdoneonthousandsofdrawingboards.Sonewproducts,
nomatterhowcompIicated,canbedeveIopedmuchfaster.ForthefirstEvaluationWarning:Thedocumentwascreatedwithfor.
time,Boeingwi11nothavetobuiIdagiantrepIicaofitsnewairIiner,
the777,tomakesurealIthebitsfittogether.ItsCADsystemwi11take
careofthat.
ButRenau11istakingCADfurther.11cIaimstheRacoonistheworld'
sfirstvehicIetobedesignedwithinthedigitidworldofvirtual
reality.CompIexprogramswereudtosimuIatethevehicIeandthe
terrainthatitwaxpectedtocross.Thisa11owedateamledbyPatrick
LeQuement,Renault1sindustrial-designdirector,to"drive"itlong
beforeaprototypeexisted.
Renau11isnotaloneinthinkingthatvirtualrealitywiIItransform
automotivedesign.InDetroit,FordisaIsoinvestigatingitspotential.
JackTeInacthefirm,sheadofdesign,wouIdIikedesignersindifferent
t
partsoftheworldtoworkmorecIoIytogether,Iinkedbycomputer