很棒的归纳：英语单词直接拼读法(建议先看”26个字母发音规律“)

很棒的归纳:英语单词直接拼读法(建议先看”26个字母发音规律“)
英语单词直接拼读法
一、辅音字母的读音规则
1.c在字母e,i,y前读/s/,如cell,cit'y,cyst;
其余情况下读/K/,如cat,club,code.
2.g在字母e,i,y前读/ʤ/,如gene,gin,gym;
其余情况下读/g/,如beg,golf,game.
3.s多数情况下读/s/,如six,desk,yes;
有时读/z/,如is,his,vis'it(读/z/时可下画一条横线)。
4.x处于两元音字母之间,且其后元音重读时,读/gz/,如exist';
其余情况下读/ks/,如six,next,excu'.
q读/k/,如Iräq',NASDAQ(股票名);
常与字母u用在一起,qu读/kw/,如quick,ques'tion.
附:英语音标
元音
单元音:i:ieæɔʌuəɑ:ɔ:u:ə:
双元音:eiaiɔiəuauiəeəuə
辅音
浊辅音:bdgʤvðzʒdzmnŋ
lrjw
请辅音:ptkʧfθsʃtsh
二、辅音字母组合的读音规则
1.ch,tch读/ʧ/,如Chi'na,much;catch,match
2.ph,gh读/f/,如pho'to,phone
3.sh读/ʃ/,如shape,she,short,fish
4.th多数情况下读/θ/,如three,third
但有时读/ð/,如that,than,with.(读/ð/时可下画一线).
5.wh在字母o前读/h/,如who,whom,who(其中的字母o读/u:/);
其余情况下读/w/,如which,when,why.
6.dg,dj读/ʤ/,如judge,lodg'ing;adjust',ad'jective.
7.n在和字母g构成字母组合时,以及处于读/g/或/k/的字母前(如c,g,k等)读/ŋ/。如
long,thing,length;un'cle,zinc;an'gry,fin'ger;drink,think,thank.
8.gu在元音前读/g/,如guess,guide,guest;在字母n后读/gw/,如lan'guage,
distin'guish,lin'guist.字母n因为处于/g/音前而读/ŋ/.
6.a,i,y,u在多音节动词中,处于约定开音节结尾中,按重读音节读。如
i'solate,ad'verti,an'aly,sub'stitute.
7.y在多音节动词词末不弱化,读/ai/。如:sat'isfy,mal'tiply,oc'cupy
五、元音字母组合的读音规则
1.au,aw读/ɔ:/,如cau,au'ral,launch,sauce,law,dawn.
2.eu,ew(iew)读/ju:/,如neu'tral,deuce;new,view,review'.
3.ou,ow读/au/,如hou,loud;how,now,down.
4.ai,ay读/ei/,如wait,aid;day,may.
5.ei,ey读/ei/,如veil,weig̣ḥt;grey,they,convey'
6.oi,oy读/ɔi/,如choice,oil;boy,toy.
7.ea,ee读/i:/,如eat,cheap;deep,need.
8.ie,(c)ei读/i:/,如field,believe';receive',ceil'ing.
9.oa读/ǝu/,如road,soap,boat.
10.ue读/ju:/,如Tues’day,val'ue,pursue'.
11.air,aer读/eə/,如air,fair;aer'ial,aer'oplaneˌ.
12.ear,eer读/iə/如ear,clear;beer,deer.
13.our读/auə/如our,sour,ḥour.
14.oo1.读/u/:在字母k前(book,look,took)和在good,foot,stood,wood,wool
及其派生词(good'ness,foot'ball,wool'en等)中读/u/。
2.读/u:/:在其余情况下读/u:/,如:cool,food,loo,room,zoo.
3.读/ʌ/:在flood,blood及其派生词(flood'ing,blood'less等)中读/ʌ/.
15.igh读/ai/,如high,light,might,night.
16.augh,ough读/ɔ:/,如daugh'ter,caught,taught;ought,fought,thought。
17.oul在could,should,would中读/u/。
六、几个非重读后缀或字母组合的读音规则
1.a在后缀-ace,-ade,-age,-ate中读/i/,如pal'ace,com'rade,vil'lage,ac'curate.
2.e在后缀-el,-en,-ent,-ence,-ency中读/ə/,如cru'el,o’pen,stu'dent,si'lence,flu'ency.
3.i在后缀-ible中读/ə/,如pos'sible.
4.ai,ay,ei,ey在非重读音节中一般弱读为/i/,如moun'taịn,Fri'daỵ,for'feit,val'leỵ.
5.-ful读/ful/,如help'ful,harm'ful,u'ful.
6.-gue读/g/,如di'alogue,cat'alogue.
7.-que读/k/,如cheque,pic'turesque'.
8.-ous读/əs/,如fa'mous,gen'erous,nerv'ous.
9.-our读/ə/,如fa'vour,h̩on'our,la'bour.
10.-ure读/ə/,如fig'ure,in'jure.但在fail'ure中读/jə/.
11.-ow读/əu/,如win'dow,yel'low,pil'low.
12.-ture读/ʧə/,如pic'ture,cul'ture,fur'niture.
13.-sure在元音字母后读/ʒə/,如clo'sure,expo'sure.
在辅音字母后读/ʃə/,如pres'sure,flex'ure(x=ks).
14.-ion读/ən/,如fash'ion,cu̇sh'ion.
15.-tion读/ʃən/如na'tion,produc'tion,solu'tion.
16.-stion读/sʧən/,如ques'tion,suges'tion,diges'tion.
17.-sion在元音字母后读/ʒən/,如vĭ'sion,occa'sion,divĭ'sion;
在辅音字母后读/ʃən/,如discus'sion,impres'sion,expan'sion.
18.-ce,-ci,-si,-ti,-xi在字母a,e,o前读/ʃ/,如:o'cean;so'cial;A'sia;par'tial;
Egyp'tian;suffĭ'cient;pa'tient;prĕ'cious;Rus'sian;an'xious.
19.-i在字母d,t,n,l后,且在元音字母前,读/j/。如au'dience,fron'tier,opin'ion,famil'ĭar.
20.-ed(过去式后缀)
在清辅音后读/t/,如:worked,jumped,misd.
在浊辅音和元音后读/d/,如:robbed,begged;played,stud'ied.
在字母d,t后读/id/,如:need'ed,plänt'ed.
21.-(e)s(名词或动词词尾)
在清辅音后读/s/,如:desks,lamps,looks.
在浊辅音和元音后读/z/,如:pigs,pens,plays,goes.
在/ʤ,ʧ,ʃ,z,s/等音后读/iz/,如:urg'es,watch'es,wish'es,rīs'es,fac'es.
2.1重读符号
1.单音节词单读时都重读,不需要用重读符号标注。双音节词和多音节词中,有的音节是重读音节,
有的则是非重读音节,重读音节就要用重读符号标注。有些单词中,除重读音节和非重读音节外,还有
次重读音节,也需要用重读符号标注。
2.在单词上直接标音时,重读符号(')标在重读音节的后上方(如read'ing);次重音符号(ˌ)
标在次重读音节的后下方(如enˌgineer')。请注意:直接标音法的重读符号,还具有分音节的作用,
如stu'dent和stud'y,stu'是开音节,而stud'是闭音节,故字母u的读法不同(见1.3.1和1.3.2)。
2.哑音符号(.)可用来指出不读音的字母。标注了这个符号的字母,读音时可视若其无,其余的字母
仍按前述读音规则读音。详见2.2.1,2.2.2,2.2.3,2.2.4.
(1)不读音的辅音字母。例如:
ִknife,lamִb,au'tumִn,ִwrite,ִpsȳchol'ogy,ִpneumo'nia,
exִhib'it,rִhyme,whis'ִtle,lis'ִtẹn,ִhour.
(2)不读音的元音字母。例如:
hִeart,eִarn,leִarn,eִar'ly,yeִar,dִoor,flִoor,roִar,boִard,coִar,hoִar,foִur,
poִur,coִur,tִouch,cִoun'try,frִiend,bִuild,yִoung,peִo'ple,thọִuִgִh,oẉẹ,ִeyִe.ִ
(3)因强度弱化而不读音的元音字母。例如:
vi'tִal,fi'nִal,short'ִen,les'sִen,lev'ִel,chan'nִel,dev'ִil,civ'ִil,es'sִon,cot'tִon,
cer'tִaִin,cur'tִaִin,poi'sִonous,dif'fִerent,in'tִeresting.
(4)‘哑e’一般可以不用哑音符号,但容易引起混淆时仍需使用。例如:
amu'àamusִe'mentshameàshamִedbecide'àbecidִes
3.提醒符号(̶)用于:1.提醒发浊音,见2.3.1;
2.提醒发音不符合前述读音规则,见2.3.2,2.2.3,2.2.4;
3.提醒其读音标在单词后面,见2.3.5.
(1)提醒s,th,x,f发浊音/z/,/ð/,/gz/,/v/。例如:
vis'it,his,is;that,with,fur'ther,gath'er;exist',exam';of.
(2)提醒在非重读音节中a,o,u不读/ə/,而读/i/。例如:
char'acter,lit'erature,tem'perature;hy'drogen;min'ute.
(3)提醒e,i,y不读/i/,而读/ə/。例如:
can'cel;A'pril,hol'iday;anal'ysis
(4)提醒在e,i,y前g不读/ʤ/,而读/ɡ/。例如:
get,gift,give,girl,begin',forget',tar'get.
(5)提醒该字母(组合)的读音用国际音标标注在单词后边。例如:
machïne'/ʃ/,chef/ʃ/,găr'age/ʒ/,regïme'/ʒ/,fortune/ʧ/,u'sual/ʒ/,
proce'dure/ʤ/,sol'dier/ʤ/,suite/w/,persuade'/w/,dissuade'/w/,
clerk/ɑ:/,w/ǝu/,w'ing/ǝu/,su̍g'er/ʃ/,su̍re/ʃ/,bus'y/i/,bus'ily/i/,
bur'y/e/,bur'ial/e/,one/wʌn/.
2.4四类重读音节符号
2.4.1闭音节符号(˅):ă,ĕ,ĭ(Ў),ŏ,ŭ分别读/æ//e//i//ɔ//ʌ/。
2.4.2开音节符号(̅):a̅,e̅,i̅(y̅),o̅,u̅分别读/ei//i://ai//ǝu//ju:/。
2.4.3r音节符号(̂):ar̂读/ɑ:/,or̂读/ɔ:/,er̂̑,ir̂(yr̂),ur̂读/ə:/。
2.4.4re音节符号(̅̅̅):ar̅e̅读/eə/,er̅e̅读/iə/,ir̅e̅(yr̅e̅)读/aiə/,or̅e̅读/ɔ:/,ur̅e̅/读/juə/.
这些符号主要用于标注读音规则的例外和区分容易混淆的音节,详见2.2.5,2.2.6,2.2.7,2.2.8。
2.4.5有时在非重读音节中元音不弱化,而按重读音节读,这时就要用到这些符号。例如:
con'cĕpt,Ŏcto'ber,ădult'
hōtel',fe'māle,bīol'ogy
ex'per̂t,cor'ridor̂,sub'ur̂b
em'pir̅e̅,at'mospher̅e̅,soft'war̅e̅
dur̅a'tion,envir̩̩̩̅onmen'al,per̅iod'ic
2.4.6r音节和re音节容易混淆,有时要用r音节符号和re音节符号来区分。例如:
věr'y,Aměr'ica,měr'it,fŏr'est,spĭr'it;
var̅'y,her̅'o,vir̅'us,or̅'al,dur̅'ing
scar̅ce,scar̅ce'ly,scar̅'city
2.4.7有时开音节和闭音节需要用相应符号来区分。例如:
gĭv'e,lĭv'e,hǎv'e;condǐ'tion,vǐ'sion,spĕ'cial,defǐ'cient;
tȳp'ist,spā'cing,stōn'y,whōl'ly,strīk'ing,nīnth;
chānge,strānge,chāmber;cōld,bōlt,rōll,grōss,mōst,bōth,ōn'ly,contrōl';
fīnd,mīnd,chīld,mīld.
2.4.8字母e在re,ar,ir前有时读/e/,这时也可用闭音节符号标注。例如:
whĕre,thĕre,wĕar,tĕar,thĕir
*2.5几个直接标音符号用来标注元音的特殊读音。详见2.5.1,2.5.2,2.5.3,2.5.4.
2.5.1ä=/ɑ:/:äsk,dänce,äf'ter,bäth,cäִlm,cäִlf,gräss,chänce,demänd',enhänce',
cräft,dräft,stäff,fä'ther,läst,päth,räth'er,päִlm,häִִִlf,exäm'ple,
behäִlf',äִunt,läִugh,läִugh'ter.
2.5.2ï=/i:/:lï'ter,kïl'o,antïque',fatïgue',marïne',mosquï'to,routïne',mǎgazïne',au'tomobïle.
2.5.3ü=/u:/:flüid,rü'in,früִit,früִit'ful,jüִice,crüִi,süit,rִoütine',
grִo̩up,wִoünd,sִoüp,rִoüte,yִoüth,yִoüth'fulִ
2.5.4ö=/u:/:dö,un'dö',tö,twö,whö,whöm,whö,möve,möve'ment,remöve',remöv'al,
pröve,impröve,impröve'ment,appröve,appröv'al,lö,shöe.
2.5.5u̍=/u/:bu̍sh,bu̍l'let,bu̍l'letin,bu̍tch'er,cru̍'el,cru̍'elty,fu̍ll,fu̍ll'y,fu̍l'fill,
pu̍ll,pu̍l'ley,pu̍sh,pu̍t.
2.5.6o̍=/u/on'do̍,in'to̍,wo̍'man,wo̍lf,con'to̍ur,po̍or.
2.5.7ė=/i/:īdė'a,īdėal,rec'ipė,thė'orem,̍Ėng'lish,prėt'ty,rė'al,mūsė'um,thė'ory.
2.6借用国际音标直接标音为了便于记忆有时可把相应的国际音标标注在字母上面,详见
2.6.1,2.6.2,2.6.3,2.6.4,2.6.5.
2.6.1在个别情况下,字母a读/e/。这时就可把国际音标/e/标在字母a上。例如:
an'y,man'y,say̝s,sai̝̩d.
2.6.2在/w/音后,字母¨有时读/ɔ/。这时就可把/ɔ/标在a上。例如:
want,wash,watch,watch,wan'der,wal'let,watt,kil'owatt,swal'low,what;
qual'ity,qual'itative,quan'tity,quan'titative,quar'rel,e'qual,equal'ity.
2.6.3在字母l和d前,字母a有时读/ɔ:/.这时可将ɔ:标在字母a上。例如:
all,al'most,ball.call,fall,hall,tall,wall,stall,install',recall',small,halt,
salt,al'so,al'ter,al'ways,alrea̝d'y,altogeth'er,althou̝g̝h̝',alter'nate,alter'native,
wa'ter,fal,chal̝k,tal̝k,wal̝k,abro̝ad,bro̝ad,bro̝ad'cast,brִoad'en.
2.6.4字母o有时读/ʌ/。这时也可将/ʌ/标在其上。例如:
côme,becôme,côm'fort,côm'fômtable,côm'pany,cômpul'sary,discôm'fort,frônt,confrônt',
hôn'ey,lôve,Môn'day,môn'ey,môn'key,mônth,nône,sôme,tôngue,brôth'er,abôve',
nôth'ing,anôth'er,ôth'er,côv'er,côl'our,dôz'en,wôr'ry,ôn'ion,sôn,spônge,tôn.