2015年6月英语六级考试真题2试卷

2
2021年6月六级真题卷二
PartIWriting(30minutes)
Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaycommentingonAlbertEinstein’sremark“Ihavenospecialtalents,Iamonlypassionatelycurious。"Youcanciteoneexampleortwotoillustrateyourpointofview.Youshouldwriteatleast150butnomorethan200words。(精品文档请下载)
PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)
SectionA
Travelwebsiteshavebeenaroundsincethe1990s,whenExpedia,Travelocity,andotherholidaybookingsiteswerelaunched,allowingtravellerstocompareflightandhotelpriceswiththeclickofamou。Withinformationnolonger36。bytravelagentsorhiddeninbusinessnetworks,thetravelindustrywasrevolutionized,asgreatertransparencyhelped37。prices。(精品文档请下载)
Today,theindustryisinthethroesofanewrevolution—thistimetransformingrvicequality。Onlineratingplatforms—38.inhotels,restaurants,apartments,andtaxis-allowtravellerstoexchangereviewsandexperiencesforalltoe。(精品文档请下载)
Hospitalitybusinessarenowranked,analyd,andcomparednotbyindustry39.,butbytheverypeopleforwhomtherviceisintended—thecustomer.Thishas40.anewrelationshipbetweenbuyerandller。Customershavealwaysvotedwiththeirfeet;theycannowexplaintheirdecisiontoanyonewhoisinterested。Asaresult,businessaremuchmore
2
41.,ofteninveryspecificways,whichcreatespowerful42。toimprovervice。(精品文档请下载)
Althoughsomereadersmightnotcareforgossipyreportsofbrusquebellboys(行李员)inBerlinormalfunctioninghotelhairdryersinHouston,thetruepowerofonlinereviewsliesnotjustintheindividualstories,butinthewebsites’43。toaggregatealargevolumeofratings。(精品文档请下载)
Theimpactcannotbe44.。Businessthatattracttopratingscanenjoyexponentialgrowth,asnewcustomersareattractedbygoodoverallreviewsand45。provideyetmore(positive)feedback.Sogreatistheinfluenceofonlineratingsthatmanycompaniesnowhiredigitalreputationmanagerstoensureafavourableonlineidentity。(精品文档请下载)
A)accountableI)persisting
B)capacityJ)pessimistic
C)controlledK)professionals
D)entailL)slash
E)forgedM)specializing
F)incentivesN)
4
spectators
G)occasionallyO)subquently
H)overstated
SectionB
Plasticsurgery
Abettercreditcardisthesolutiontoeverlargerhackattacks(精品文档请下载)
[A]Athinmagneticstripe(magstripe)isallthatstandsbetweenyourcredit-cardinformationandthebadguys。Andthey'vebeenworkinghardtobreakin.That’swhy2021isshapingupasamajorshowdown:banks,lawenforcementandtechnologycompaniesarealltryingtostopanetworkofhackerswhoaresucceedinginstealingaccountnumbers,names,emailaddressandothercrucialdataudinidentitytheft。MoreThan100millionaccountsatTarget,NeimanMarcusandMichaelsstoreswereaffectedinsomewayduringthemostrecentattacks,startinglastNovember.(精品文档请下载)
[B]Swipe(刷卡)istheoperativeword:cardsareincreasinglyvulnerabletoattackswhenyoumakepurchasinastore。Inveralrecentincidents,hackershavebeenabletoobtainmassiveinformationofcredit-debit(借记)orprepaid—cardnumbersusingmalware,i.e.malicioussoftware,inrtedcretlyintotheretailers’point—of-salesystem—thecheckoutregisters.Hackersthensoldthedatatoacondgroupofcriminalsoperatinginshadowycornersoftheweb。Notlongafter,thestolendatawasshowinguponfakecardsandbeingudforonlinepurchas.
4
(精品文档请下载)
[C]Thesolutioncouldcostaslittleas$2extraforeverypieceofplasticissued。ThefixisacuritytechnologyudheavilyoutsidetheU。S.WhileAmericancreditcardsuthe40-year—oldmagstripetechnologytoprocesstransactions,muchoftherestoftheworldussmartercardswithatechnologycalledEMV(shortforEuropay,MasterCard,Visa)thatemploysachipembeddedinthecardplusacustomerPIN(personalidentificationnumber)toauthenticate(验证)everytransactiononthespot。IfapurcharfailstopunchinthecorrectPINatthecheckout,thetransactiongetsrejected.(Onlinepurchascanbemadebyttingupaparatetransactioncode。)(精品文档请下载)
[D]Whyhaven’tbigbanksadoptedthemorecuretechnology?Whenitcomestomailingoutnewcreditcards,it’sallaboutrelativecostssaysDavidRobertson,whorunstheNilsonReport,anindustrynewsletter:“Thecostofthecard,puttingthestickeronit,codingtheaccountnumberandexpirationdate,embossing(凸印)it,thesmallenvelop—allputtogether,youareinthedollarrange。"Achip-and-PINcardcurrentlycostsclorto$3,saysRobertson,becauofthepriceofchips。(Oncelargeissuersconverttogether,thechipcostsshoulddrop。)(精品文档请下载)
6
[E]Multiply$3bythemorethan5billionmagstripecreditandprepaidcardsincirculationintheU.S.Thenconsiderthatthere’sanestimated$12。4billionincardfraudonaglobalbasis,saysRobertson.With44%ofthatintheU。S。,Americancredit-cardfraudamountstoabout$5。5billionannually.CardissuershavesofarcalculatedthatabsorbingtheliabilityforevenbighacksliketheTargetoneisstillcheaperthanreplacingallthatplastic。(精品文档请下载)
[F]ThatleavesAmericanretailersprettymuchalonetheworldoverinrelyingonmagstripetechnologytochargepurchas-andleavesconsumersvulnerable.Eachmagstripehasthreetracksofinformation,explainspayments-curityexpertJeremyGumbley,thechieftechnologyofficerofCreditCall,anelectronic-paymentscompany。Thefirstandthirdareudbythebankorcardissuer.Yourvitalaccountinformationlivesonthecondtrack,whichhackerstrytocapture.”Malwareisscanningthroughthememoryinrealtimeandlookingfordata,"hesays。”Itcreatesatextfilethatgetsstolen。”(精品文档请下载)
[G]Chip—andPincards,bycontrast,makefakecardsorskimmingimpossiblebecautheinformationthatgetsscannedincrypted(加密)。ThehistoricalreasontheU。S.hasstuckwithmagstripe,ironicallyenough,isoncesuperiortechnology。Ourcheap,ultra—reliablewired networksmadecredit—cardauthenticationoverthephonefrictionless。InFrance,cardcompaniescreatedEMVinpartbecauthetelephonemonopolywas
7
somaddeninglyinefficientandexpensive.TheEMVsolutionallowedtransactions tobeverifiedlocallyandcurely.(精品文档请下载)
[H]Somebigbanks,likeWellsFargo,arenowofferingtoconvertyourmagstripecardtoachip—and—PINmodel。(It'sactuallyahybrid(混合体)thatwillstill haveamagstripe,sincemostU。S。merchantsdon’thaveEMVterminals.)Should youtakethemuponit?Ifyoutravelinternationally,theanswerisyes.(精品文档请下载)
[I]Keepinmind,too,thatcreditcardstypicallyhavebetterliabilityprotectionthandebitcards。Ifsomeoneus yourcreditcardfraudulently(欺诈性的),it'stheissuerormerchant,notyou,thattakes thehit。Debitcardshavedifferentliabilitylimitsdependingonthebankand theeventssurroundinganyfraud。”Ifit'savailable,thelogicalthingis togetachip—and—PINcardfromyourbank,”saysEricAdamowsky,a co—founderofCreditCardInsider"Iwoulducreditcardsoverdebit cardsbecauofliabilityissues。”Cashstillworksprettywelltoo.(精品文档请下载)
[J]Retailersandbanksstandtobenefitfromthelowerfraudlevelsofchip-and—PINcardsbuthavebeenreluctantforyearstoinvestinthenewinfrastructure(根底设施)neededforthetechnology,especiallyifconsumersdon’thaveaccesstoit。It’sachicken-and-eggproblem:noonewantstospendthemoneyonupgradedpoint-of—salesystemsthatcanreadthechip
8
cardsifshoppersaren'tcarryingthem—yetthere'slittlepointinconsumers’ carryingthefancyplasticifstoresaren'tequippedtouthem。(Anearlier effortbyTargettomovetochipandPINnevergainedtraction.)Accordingto Gumbley,there’sa”you—firstmentality.Thelogjam(僵局)hastobebroken。"(精品文档请下载)
[K]JPMorganChaCEOJamieDimonrecentlyexpresdhiswillingnesstodoso,notingthatbanksandmerchantshavespentthepastdecadesuingeachotheroverinterchangefees-thepercentageofthetransactionpricetheykeep—ratherthandealwiththegrowinghackingproblem。Chaoffersachip—enabledcardunderitsownbrandandveralothersfortravel—relatedcompaniessuchasBritishAirwaysandRitz—Carlton.(精品文档请下载)
[L]TheTargetandNeimanhackshavealsochangedthecostcalculus:althoughretailershavebeenreluctanttospendthe$6.75billionthatCapgeminiconsultantstimateitwilltaketoconvertalltheirregisterstobechip-and—PIN-compatible,thepotentialliabilitytheynowfaceisdramaticallygreater。Targethasbeenhitwithclassactionsfromhackedconsumers。"It'stheultimatenightmare,"aretailexecutivefromawell-knownchainadmittedtoTIME。(精品文档请下载)
[M]Thecard—paymentcompaniesMasterCardandVisaarepushinghardforchange.Thetwofirmshavewarnedallpartiesinthetransactionchain-merchant,network,bank—thatiftheydon'tbecomeEMV
9
—compliantbyOctober2021,thepartythatisleastcompliantwillbearthefraudrisk。(精品文档请下载)
[N]Inthemeantime,app—equippedsmartphonesanddigitalwallets—allofwhichcanuEMVtechnology—arebeginningtomakeinroads(侵袭)oncardsandcash.PayPal,forinstance,istestinganappthatlets youuyourmobilephonetopayontheflyatlocalmerchants-without surrenderinganycardinfotothem。Andfurtherdowntheroadisbiometricauthentication, whichcouldbeencryptedwith,say,afingerprint。(精品文档请下载)
[O]Creditanddebitcards,though,aregoing tobewithusfortheforeeablefuture,andsoarehackers,ifwestickwith magstripetechnology。”Itemscrazytome,"saysGumbley,whois English,”thatacutting-edge—technologycountryisdependingona 40—year—oldtechnology。"That'swhyitmaybeuptoconsumerstomovethe needleonchipandPIN.SaysRobertson:”Whenyougettheconsumerintoa positionofworryandinconvenience,that’swheretherubberhitsthe road。"(精品文档请下载)
46。Somebigbanks,likeWellsFargo,arenowofferingtoconvertyour(精品文档请下载)
47.Swipe(刷卡)istheoperativeword:cardsareincreasinglyvulnerabletoattacks。(精品文档请下载)
48。Chip-and—PINcards,bycontrast,makefakecardsorskimmingimpossible.
10
(精品文档请下载)
49。Thesolutioncouldcostaslittleas$2extraforeverypieceofplasticissued.(精品文档请下载)
50。Athinmagneticstrip(magstripe)isallthatstandsbetweenyourcredit—card。(精品文档请下载)
51.Keepinmind,too,thatcreditcardstypicallyhavebetterliabilityprotection。(精品文档请下载)
52.Whyhaven’tbigbanksadoptedthemorecuretechnology?(精品文档请下载)
53。TheTargetandNeimanhackshavealsochangedthecostcalculation。(精品文档请下载)
54.ThatleavesAmericanretailersprettymuchalonetheworldoverinrelyingonmagstripe.(精品文档请下载)
55。Creditanddebitcards,though,aregoingtobewithusfortheforeeablefuture.(精品文档请下载)
SectionC
Passage1
I'lladmitI’veneverquiteunderstoodtheobssion(难以破除的成见)surroundinggeneticallymodified(GM)crops.Toenvironmentalistopponents,GMfoodsaresimplyevil,anunderstudied,possiblyharmfultooludbybigagriculturebusinesstocontrolglobaledmarketsandcrushlocalfarmers.TheyarguethatGMfoodshaveneverdeliveredontheirsuppodpromi,thatmoneyspentonGMcropswouldbebetterfunneledtoorganicfarmingandthatconsumersshouldbeprotectedwithwarninglabelsonanyproductsthatcontaingeneticallymodifiedingredients。
10
Tosupporters,GMcropsareakeypartoftheefforttosustainablyprovidefoodtomeetaglobalpopulation。Butmorethanthat,supportersetheGMoppositionofmanyenvironmentalistsasfundamentallyanti—science,nodifferentthanthowhoquestionthebasicsofman-madeclimatechange.(精品文档请下载)
Forbothsides,GMfoodsemtoactasasymbol:you'repro-agribusinessoranti-science。ButscienceixactlywhatweneedmoreofwhenitcomestoGMfoods,whichiswhyIwashappytoeNaturedevoteaspecialriesofarticlestotheGMfoodcontroversy。Theconclusion:whileGMcropshaven’tyetrealizedtheirinitialpromiandhavebeendominatedbyagribusiness,thereisreasontocontinuetouanddevelopthemtohelpmeettheenormouschallengeofsustainablyfeedingagrowingplanet。(精品文档请下载)
Thatdoesn’tmeanGMcropsareperfect,oraone—sizes-fits—allsolutiontoglobalagricultureproblems。Butanythingthatcanincreafarmingefficiency—theamountofcropswecanproduceperacreofland—willbeextremelyuful。GMcropscanandalmostcertainlywillbepartofthatsuiteoftools,butsowilltraditionalplantbreeding,improvedsoilandcropmanagement—andperhapsmostimportantofall,betterstorageandtransportinfrastructure(根底设施),especiallyinthedevelopingworld。(Itdoesn'tdomuchgoodforfarmersinplaceslikesub—Saharan