GMAT写作argument满分范文x

二.Analysis of Argument Questions
1.ThefollowingappearedaspartofanannualreportnttostockholdersbyOlympicFoods,aprocessoroffrozenfoods.
“Overtime,thecostsofprocessinggodownbecauasorganizationslearnhowtodothingsbetter,theybecomemoreefficient。Incolorfilmprocessing,forexample,thecostofa3—by—5—inchprintfellfrom50centsforfive—dayrvicein1970to20centsforone-dayrvicein1984。Thesameprincipleappliestotheprocessingoffood。AndsinceOlympicFoodswillsooncelebrateitstwenty-fifthbirthday,wecanexpectthatourlongexperiencewillenableustominimizecostsandthusmaximizeprofits。"(精品文档请下载)
下面摘自一家冷冻食品处理商(processor)奥林匹克食品提交给股东的年报:随着时间流逝,由于机构理解了做好事情的方法进而进步了效率,处理的本钱会降低.比方在彩色胶卷处理方面,3/5英寸照片的本钱从1970年的5天50cent降至1984年的1天20cent。同样的规律适用于食品处理方面。由于奥林匹克食品即将庆贺它的25岁生日,我们可以指望我们长期的经历会使我们到达最小的本钱和最大的利润。(精品文档请下载)
falanalogy:Thefoodindustryisnotanalogoustothecolorfilmindustry。(精品文档请下载)
causaloversimplification:Otherfactorsthatmaycontributettothecostdeclineoftheprintingcostshouldbeconsideredandruledout。(精品文档请下载)
gratuitousassumption:Theconclusionoftheargumentisbadonagratuitousassumptionthatthecompanycanminimizecostandmaximizeprofitbecauthecompanyhasbeenconductedfor25years。(精品文档请下载)
错误类比:colorfilmprocessing和processingoffood不一样.problemsofspoilage,contamination,andtimelytransportation都只影响food不影响film.(精品文档请下载)
同时,忽略他因。是否是因为组织更有效率才使COST下降的?很可能是materialnecessaryfortheprocess下降了价钱。所以,两者更不同。(精品文档请下载)
gratuitousassumption:二十五年不代表学到了很多。很可能什么都没学到,或者技术已经
outofdate.
(精品文档请下载)
Citingfactsdrawnfromthecolor—filmprocessingindustrythatindicateadownwardtrendinthecostsoffilmprocessingovera24—yearperiod,theauthorarguesthatOlympicFoodswilllikewibeabletominimizecostsandthusmaximizeprofitsinthefuture.Insupportofthisconclusiontheauthorcitesthegeneralprinciplethat“asorganizationslearnhowtodothingsbetter,theybecomemoreefficient。”Thisprinciple,coupledwiththefactthatOlympicFoodshashad25yearsofexperienceinthefoodprocessingindustryleadstotheauthor'srosyprediction。Thisargumentisunconvincingbecauitsuffersfromtwocriticalflaws.(精品文档请下载)
First,theauthor'sforecastofminimalcostsandmaximumprofitsrestsonthegratuitousassumptionthatOlympicFoods’“longexperience”hastaughtithowtodothingsbetter.Thereis,however,noguaranteethatthisistheca.Nordoestheauthorciteanyevidencetosupportthisassumption。Justaslikely,OlympicFoodshaslearnednothingfromits25yearsinthefood-processingbusiness。Lackingthisassumption,theexpectationofincreadefficiencyintirely
unfounded。(精品文档请下载)
Second,itishighlydoubtfulthatthefactsdrawnfromthecolor—filmprocessingindustryareapplicabletothefoodprocessingindustry。Differencesbetweenthetwoindustriesclearlyoutweighthesimilarities,thusmakingtheanalogyhighlylessthanvalid。Forexample,problemsofspoilage,contamination,andtimelytransportationallaffectthefoodindustrybutarevirtuallyabntinthefilm—processingindustry。Problemssuchasthemightprentinsurmountable不可抗拒的obstaclesthatpreventloweringfood—processingcostsinthefuture.(精品文档请下载)
Asitstandstheauthor’sargumentisnotcompelling。TostrengthentheconclusionthatOlympicFoodswillenjoyminimalcostsandmaximumprofitsinthefuture,theauthorwouldhavetoprovideevidencethatthecompanyhaslearnedhowtodothingsbetterasaresultofits25yearsofexperience。Supportingexamplesdrawnfromindustriesmoresimilartothefood-processingindustrywouldfurthersubstantiate证实theauthor
’sview。(精品文档请下载)
2.ThefollowingappearedinamemorandumfromthebusinessdepartmentoftheApogeeCompany。(精品文档请下载)
“WhentheApogeeCompanyhadallitsoperationsinonelocation,itwasmoreprofitablethanitistoday。Therefore,theApogeeCompanyshouldclodownitsfieldofficesandconductallitsoperationsfromasinglelocation。Suchcentralizationwouldimproveprofitabilitybycuttingcostsandhelpingthecompanymaintainbettersupervisionofallemployees."(精品文档请下载)
下面摘自APogee公司的商务部门的备忘录:
当Apogee将它所有的业务部门集中在一处时,它将有比方今更多的利润。因此,Apogee应该关闭它的驻外办公室并从单一场所管理它的所有部门。这样的话,集中会通过削减本钱进步利润,并帮助公司更好地对所有员工进展监视。(精品文档请下载)
causaloversimplification:Itisimprudenttoconcludethattheestablishmentofthefieldofficesistheonlyreasonexplainingthedeclineoftheprofit.
(精品文档请下载)
allthingsareequal:Thesuccessofthecentralizationofthepastdoesnotguaranteetheapplicabilityinthefuture。(精品文档请下载)
either—or—orchoice:Theauthorassumesthatthecentralizationandtheestablishmentoffieldofficesaremutuallyexclusivealternatives,thereisnomiddlegroundbetweentheytwo。Infact,wecanhavethefieldofficesundercentralizedcontrol。(精品文档请下载)
InthisargumenttheauthorconcludesthattheApogeeCompanyshouldclodownfieldofficesandconductallitsoperationsfromasingle,centralizedlocationbecauthecompanyhadbeenmoreprofitableinthepastwhenallitsoperationswereinonelocation。Foracoupleofreasons,thisargumentisnotveryconvincing。(精品文档请下载)
First,theauthorassumesthatcentralizationwouldimproveprofitabilitybycuttingcostsandstreamliningsupervisionofemployees。Thisassumptionisneversupportedwithanydataorprojections.Moreover,theassumptionfailstotakeintoaccountcostincreasandinefficiencythatcouldresultfromcentralization。Forinstance,
companyreprentativeswouldhavetotraveltodobusinessinareasformerlyrvedbyafieldoffice,creatingtravelcostsandlossofcriticaltime。Inshort,thisassumptionmustbesupportedwithathoroughcost—benefitanalysisofcentralizationversusotherpossiblecost—cuttingand/orprofit—enhancingstrategies。(精品文档请下载)
Second,theonlyreasonofferedbytheauthoristheclaimthatApogeewasmoreprofitablewhenithadoperatedfromasingle,centralizedlocation.Butiscentralizationtheonlydifferencerelevanttogreaterpastprofitability?Itintirelypossiblethatmanagementhasbecomelaxregardinganynumberoffactorsthatcanaffectthebottomlinesuchasinferiorproducts,carelessproductpricing,inefficientproduction,pooremployeeexpenaccountmonitoring,ineffectiveadvertising,sloppy肥大的buyingpoliciesandotherwastefulspending.Unlesstheauthorcanruleoutotherfactorsrelevanttodiminishingprofits,thisargumentcommitsthefallacyofassumingthatjustbecauoneevent(decreasingprofits)followsanother(decentralization),thecondeventhasbeencaudbythefirst。
(精品文档请下载)
Inconclusion,thisisaweakargument。TostrengthentheconclusionthatApogeeshouldclofieldofficesandcentralize,thisauthormustprovideathoroughcost—benefitanalysisofavailablealternativesandruleoutfactorsotherthandecentralizationthatmightbeaffectingcurrentprofitsnegatively.(精品文档请下载)
6。Thefollowingappearedaspartofanarticleinamagazinedevotedtoregionallife.(精品文档请下载)
“CorporationsshouldlooktothecityofHelioswhenekingnewbusinessopportunitiesoranewlocation.Evenintherecentrecession,Helios'sunemploymentratewaslowerthantheregionalaverage。Itistheindustrialcenteroftheregion,andhistoricallyithasprovidedmorethanitsshareoftheregion’smanufacturingjobs.Inaddition,Heliosisattemptingtoexpanditconomicbabyattractingcompaniesthatfocusonrearchanddevelopmentofinnovativetechnologies.”
(精品文档请下载)
一份面向地方生活的杂志上的一篇文章:
企业在寻找新的商机或位置时应该去Helios城。甚至在最近的衰退中,Helios的失业率也比地区平均程度低,它是地区的工业中心,历史上它提供的比它在地区制造业工作中分享的份额中更多。而且,Helios正试图通过吸引研究和开展革新技术的公司来扩张它的经济根底。(精品文档请下载)
作者认为应该到该地区建厂理由是这里的失业率很高.但是却没有给出因果关系。从常理来看这是没有道理的因为失业率高的地方可能更难雇佣到雇员从而使本钱增加.(精品文档请下载)
作者认为该地区会鼓励研发,所以应该到该地区投资.但事实上就象作者说的那样该地区是制造业中心怎么可能有很多对技术和科研很纯熟的人员.(精品文档请下载)
因为H地区industrialandmanufacturing比较attractive,所以那里的工人很可能只适宜做这类的,假设缺乏可以做innovativetechnologiesandrearch的工人laborpool,那么很可能导致失败。(精品文档请下载)
H的低失业率更可能成为害处。因为比方有lessavailableworkforce.企业必须进步wage才能吸引他们.进步了COST.(精品文档请下载)
错误的假设过去的成功可以代表将来。比方说已经饱和的资源、过分的竞争、和可能出现的错误政策,都可能导致H地区的经济不再兴隆.(精品文档请下载)
InthisargumentcorporationsareurgedtoconsiderthecityofHelioswhenekinganewlocationornewbusinessopportunities。Tosupportthisrecommendation,theauthorpointsoutthatHeliosistheindustrialcenteroftheregion,providingmostoftheregion'smanufacturingjobsandenjoyingalower—than—averageunemploymentrate.Moreover,itisargued,effortsarecurrentlyunderwaytoexpandtheeconomicbaofthecitybyattractingcompaniesthatfocusonrearchanddevelopmentofinnovativetechnologies.Thisargumentisproblematicfortworeasons。(精品文档请下载)
Tobeginwith,itisquestionablewhethertheavailablelaborpoolinHelioscouldsupportalltypesofcorporations。GiventhatHelioshasattractedmainlyindustrialandmanufacturingcompaniesinthepast,itisunlikelythatthelocalpoolof