自考现代英语语法学习笔记第十四章一致1.pdf

第十四章一致Concord
14.0Introduction
一致(Concord)是指句子成分之间或者词语之间要在人称,性,数等方面保持协调的关系,在英
中,最主要的一致关系是主语和谓语动词之间的数的一致。
14.1PrincipleofConcord
语法一致(Grammatical)Principle:
主语和谓语动词在语法上取得一致,主语单—谓语动词单,主语复数—谓语动词复数。
Theverbmatchesitssubjectbothinpersonandinnumber.
E.g.everybodywashappywiththedecision.
意义一致(NotionalPrinciple):
动词采用单数或者复数是根据主语的意义而不是形式上来看的。
Thenotionalprincipleisconcernedwiththesubject-verbconcordonthemanticbasis.
(agroupofpeopleasawholeorasindividuals)
E.g.Theaveragesmallerfamilythanisitudto“familybe.”this(Singular,group.)referto
Hisfamilywereatvariancetheirwithopinionshiminabouthisplantojointhearmy.
就近一致(Proximity)Principle:(InformalU)
谓语动词的人称和数与最近的词保持一致。
Agreementoftheverbwithaclolyprecedingnounphrainpreferencetoagreementwith
theheadofthenounphrathatfunctionedassubject.
E.g.NeitherImyamcomingwifenortotheceremony,
Thereis,aadesk,bedtwobookcasandtwochairsinthebedroom.
主语与动词间隔越大,动词的数越受临近词的影响。
-Dr.Blacktogetheraregoingwithtohisstaycrewhere.
14.2Subject-verbConcord
14.2.1Collective集体名词做主语NounsasSubject
CollectiveNouns--inanimateCollectiveNouns--animatebeings-3types
objects-Singular表示有生命的生物-分三类
表示无生命物体的集体名词-单数形式
1.Cutlery,foliage,单数形式furniture,+定冠词=Singular少数集体名词=Plural集体=Singular+Plural
jewelry,machinery,Thechurch,theclergy,Cattle,militia,thepeople,elite,具体见下*
merchandi…thepublic,theyouth,police,thevermin..(指组织的专有名词,
aristocracy(贵族)the+adj(thepoor)
sharethe)rule
Jewelryisnolonger到底是用单数呢还是用复数形式取决于是把名词集体当作amarkof一个密不可分的单独集体或是当作
wealth.个体组成的集合。
单数形式强调整个集体:Nonpersonalcollectiveofthegroup.
复数形式强调集体中的每个人:personalindividualitywithinthegroup.
*Army,audience,brood,cast,college,committee,community,company,council,crew,
data,department,enemy,family,flock,gang,government,group,herd,jury,majority,
media,minority,navy,nobility,…opposition,staff,team
1)Thepublicholdsaverynegativeattitudetowardsthisnewspaper.
Thearistocracyenjoydoesmuchnotprivilegeasitudto.
2)TheBritishpolicehaveverylimitedpowers.
3)I’dliketotheknowenemywhatthinking.is
Theenemygoingweretoattacksoo,
14.2.2CoordinatedNounPhraasSubject
1)主语是两个平行的分句,各指不同的事情
2)主语包括2或3个分句,指同一件事情
3)主语包括2或3个分句,指同一件事,并列关系
语法一致(Grammatical)Principle意义一致(NotionalPrinciple)就近一致(Proximity)Principle
❤IfCoordinator“and”;is❤Ifrefertodifferent❤IfcomponentsCoordinatorofis:or,eitheror,
Conjoineditemsreferthetosamedifferentobject,Oractuallyneitherrefernor,…butnottoalsotheonly
thingssamething,sameobject,Neithersamefansconcept.norairconditionerisof
PeterandaredeadlyBobrivals.Breadandmilkhasbeenmuchmyubreakfastherebecauforofconstant
Hisopinionareandtheminesame.years.powercut.
CangowithoutCoordinatorHerlawyerandlifelongEitherfriendyouwasorgoingyourhusbandis
Hercamera,passport,werealltomoneybetrayher.responsiblefor’syourdrugdaughter
leftinthehotel.❤Ifpre-modifiedbyeach,abu.every
❤IflinkedbyquasiEachcoordinator(manandwomanaswas✿askedto
wellas,ratherthan,completetogetheraform.with,为避免语法尴尬可以插入助动词。Either
alongwith)youoryourhusbandshouldbe
ThePresident,hisasadvisor,wellasresponsiblefor’syourdrugdaughter
wasawareoftheriskofthemission.abu.
Theheadcoach,histogetherwith
team,wasoverjoyedwhentheywon.
*也可以+复数形式动词
14.2.3Expressionofquantityassubject
语法一致(Grammatical)Principle意义一致(NotionalPrinciple)就近一致(Proximity)Principle
❤Ifmodifyanimatenoun❤Ifmodifylifelessobject❤Ifwithwhoindefinite“all,determineras
Onethirdofwerethewillingpeopleindividualtocanbeignoreany,orhalf,may”notno,functionedsomeas
takethetest.existatall.pronoun,bothcountableand
❤IfwithindefiniteTwentydeterminerisyearsaasverylonguncountable.time.
“all,any,half,”no,Three-forthsomeoftheissurfaceSome(money)ofthewaarthstolenyesterday.
a.
❤“one”usuallyudwithsingularform.
OneoffivewasOnedefective.intenwaskilledinthewar.
❤BothSingular&Pluralaresuitableforaddition,butsingular×),isgenerallyudwithsubtraction(-),multiplication(
division(/)
4+8=12Fourand/pluightis/are4*3=12twelve.fourtimesthreeistwelve
12-8=4Twelveminuightisfour12/3=4twelvedividethreeisfour.
❤No可以修饰单数复数。None是no的代词形式,一般情况下+动词单数形式。
Therearenowordsthatcandescribethescene.
Therewasnoendtoourtrouble.
Noneofhismoneyismine.
❤Neither,either一般接动词单数形式,但是如果后面接介词词组并有复数补语的时候,可以接动词的复数形式。
Neitherstatementistrue.
Neitherofthemis/aretrustworthy.
14.2.4Nominalclauassubject
语法一致(Grammatical)Principle意义一致(NotionalPrinciple)就近一致(Proximity)Principle
只有一个分句并且主语是复数。
Whatshewantedfromhimwerejust
promis.
WhatIneedforthespringcleaningarea
pairofrubbershoes.
Oneclau–subjectSingular;two—Pluralclausubject
Thatsheisstillaliveissheerluck.
Whathedidandwhathesaidaretotallydifferent.
14.2.5Concordinthe存在句中的一致existentialntence
语法一致(Grammatical)Principle意义一致(NotionalPrinciple)就近一致(Proximity)Principle
Generallyapplied.TheResolveverbagreesdilemmawith
thenotionalsubject.Thereisasofaandtwochairsinthe
room.
14.2.6Concordintherelativeclau
语法一致(Grammatical)Principle意义一致(NotionalPrinciple)就近一致(Proximity)Principle
Generallyapplied.Iftheantecedent“oneofis+Plural
noun”,复数名词后的动词可以用复数形
式,与one用法不同。
Sheisoneofthegirlswhohave
troublemakinguptheirmind.
如果one前面有only修饰,只能用单数形
式了。
Sheistheonlyoneofherfamilywhohas
troublemakinguphermind.
14.3Pronoun代词一致Concord
语法一致(Grammatical)Principle意义一致(NotionalPrinciple)就近一致(Proximity)Principle
Generallyappliedwhenpronoun
co-referenceinquestion
Didyoueyourlfinthemirror?
未免表示歧义或者用法过于累赘,可用复数第三人称。
Noonevoiced性别歧视his)opinion.(Noonevoicedhis繁琐)orNonheroneopinion.(voicedtheir(OK)opinion