测绘专业英语原文和部分翻译(1

测绘专业英语原文和部分翻译(1-39)
TableofContents
Uuit1WhatisGeomatics?(什么是测绘学) 4
Unit2GeodeticSurveyingandPlaneSurveying(大地测量与平面测量) 17
Unit3DistanceMeasurement(距离测量) 28
Unit4AngleandDirectionMeasurement(角度和方向测量) 40
Unit5Traversing(导线测量) 50
Unit6MethodsofElevationDetermination(高程测量方法) 61
Unit7RoboticTotalStation(智能型全站仪) 72
Unit8ErrorsinMeasurement(测量工作中的误差) 83
Unit9BasicStatisticalAnalysisofRandomErrors 94
Unit10AccuracyandPrecision(准确度和精度) 101
Unit11Least-SquaresAdjustment 109
Unit12GeodesyConcepts 115
Unit13GeoidandReferenceEllipsoid 120
Unit14Datums,CoordinatesandConversions 126
Unit15MapProjection 131
Unit16GravityMeasurment 139
Unit17OptimalDesignofGeomaticsNetwork 145
Unit18ConstructionLayout(施工放样) 153
Unit36RelevantSurveyingInstrumentCompanies 328
Unit37ExpressionofSimpleEquationsandScientificFormulsa 331
Unit38ProfessionalEnglishPaperWriting 335
Unit39TranslationTechniquesforEST 354
Uuit1WhatisGeomatics?(什么是测绘学)
GeomaticsDefined(测绘学定义)
WheredoesthewordGeomaticscomefrom?(Geomatics-测绘或地球空间信息学,这个名词是怎么来的呢?)GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS=GEOMATICSorGEO-forearthand–MATICSformathematicalorGEO-forGeoscienceand-MATICSforinformatics.(大地测量学+地理信息学=GEOMATICS测绘学或者geo代表地球,matics代表数学,或者geo代表地球科学,matics代表信息学)Ithasbeensaidthatgeomaticsismanythingstomanypeople.(据说测绘学这个词对不同的人有不同的理解)ThetermgeomaticmergedfirstinCanadaandasanacademicdiscipline;ithasbeenintroducedworldwideinanumberofinstitutesofhighereducationduringthepastfewyears,mostlybyrenamingwhatwaspreviouslycalled“geodesy”or“surveying”,andbyaddinganumberofcomputerscienceand/orGIS-orientedcours.(这个术语【term术语】作为一个学科【academicdiscipline学科】第一次形成【emerge】于加拿大;在过去的几年里被全世界的许多高等教育研究机构所熟知,通常是以前的“大地测量学”或“测量学”在引入了许多计算机科学和GIS方向【或“基于GIS”】的课程后重新命名的。)Nowthetermincludesthetraditionalsurveyingdefinitionalongwithsurveyingsteadilyincreadimportancewiththedevelopmentofnewtechnologiesandthe
growingdemandforavarietyofspatiallyrelatedtypesofinformation,particularlyinmeasuringandmonitoringourenvironment.(随着新技术的发展和不断增长的对空间关系的信息类型的需求,尤其是在测量和监测我们的环境方面【环境监测】,现在,传统测量学定义连同【alongwith】日益【steadily稳定的】增长的测量的重要性一起包含在这个术语里了。【逗号后面的句子修饰demand】)Increasinglycriticalareareasofexpandingpopulations,appreciatinglandvalues,dwindlingnaturalresources,andthecontinuingstressingofthequalityofourland,waterandairfromhumanactivities.(日益增长的危机来自人口扩张,地价上涨,资源紧缩【紧张】,还有由于人类活动引起的土地、水、空气质量的持续的压力【由人类活动带来的土地、水、空气质量的恶化】Assuch,geomaticsbridgeswidearcsfromthegeosciencesthroughvarioungineeringsciencesandcomputersciencestospatialplanning,landdevelopmentandtheenvironmentalsciences.(这样,测绘学在地球科学,各种工程学【engineeringsciences工程学】,计算机科学,空间规划,土地开发和环境科学相互之间架起了广泛的桥梁。)NowthewordgeomaticshasbeenadoptedbyveralinternationalbodiesincludingtheInternationalStandardsOrganization(ISO),soitisheretostay.(现在geomatics这个词已经被包括ISO【国际标准化组织】在内的数个国际机构【in