托福阅读熟词僻义内容x

托福阅读熟词僻义内容
托福阅读熟词僻义内容汇总
1.exerci
【常用释义】
v.锻炼练****br/>【生僻释义】
v.实施,运用
托福例句:Theyexercidaninfluencefarinexcessoftheir
numbers.(官方真题Official46-2TheCommercialRevolutioninMedievalEurope)
解析:exerci常用的含义为名词或动词的“锻炼”。而在托福阅读中,经常会考察到“实施,使用”的意思,常用搭配是toexerciconsiderableoragreatdealofinfluenceoversb./sth.对某人/某事物产生很大影响,或者toexercicareindoing[something]小心做某事。本句理解为,他们发挥的影响远远超过他们的人口数量。
2.consume
【常用释义】
v.用尽,消耗,花费(某事物)
【生僻释义】
v.烧毁;毁灭
托福例句:TheexplosionisalsocalculatedtohaveproducedvastquantitiesofnitricacidandmeltedrockthatsprayedoutovermuchofEarth,startingwidespreadfiresthatmusthaveconsumedmostterrestrialforestsandgrassland.(OG10MeteoriteImpactandDinosaurExtinction)解析:consume大家比较熟悉的意思是“消耗用尽”的含义,同义词是destroy。而在托福中,也会考察到consume作“烧毁,毁灭”的含义。另外,本句需要注意有多个定语从句修饰和现在分词修饰。本句释义:据估计,爆炸过程还产生了大量的***和被溶解的岩浆并喷出地球外,造成了大面积火灾,大部分的森林和草原被燃尽。
3.impact
【常用释义】
n.v.影响
【生僻释义】
n.撞击
托福例句:ThereisincreasingevidencethattheimpactsofmeteoriteshavehadimportanteffectsonEarth,particularlyinthefieldofbiologicalevolution.(OG10MeteoriteImpactandDinosaurExtinction)解析:impact常见意思为“影响”,可用动词和名词,经常和“on”一起搭配使用,常用短语“haveanimpactonsth”或者直接当动词使用“impactonsth”。而在天文学的篇章中impact常见的意思为“撞击”,例句中的impact就是“撞击”的意思。整句话的翻译为:“有越来越多的证据表明陨石的撞击对地球有着重要的影响,特别是在生物进化领域。
”
4.picture
【常用释义】
n.图画;照片
【生僻释义】
v.描绘
托福例句:Becausomepaintingsweremadedirectlyoverothers,obliteratingthem,itisprobablethatapainting'svalueendedwiththemigrationitpictured.(OGLascauxCavePaintings)
解析:picture做“描绘”解,类似于describe,常用词组为bepictured
as:“被描绘为。”。这个含义大家应该能想象到。在本句话中需要注意代词的指代对象,them是指“otherpaintings”,倒数第二个it是指“apainting”。此外itpictured为修饰migration的定语从句。整句话的意思,因为有些画直接画在另一些画上面,把原有画面擦掉了,所以有可能这幅画的价值随着它所描绘迁徙过程的结束而结束了。
n•情形,情况
托福例句:Bycontrast,anyexplanationthatfocusstrictlyonthedinosaurscompletelymissthepoint.TheCretaceouxtinctionswereaglobalphenomenon,anddinosaurswerejustapartofabiggerpicture.(官方真题Official42-2ExplainingDinosaurExtinction)
解析:picture作为名词解,除了图片的意思外还有“情形/情况”的意
思,常见的词组有“tobeinthepicture-了解情况,toput/keepsb.inthepicture-让某人了解情况,toethebiggerpicture-关注大局”。这一意思在托福中也多次考察。本句的翻译为:相反,任何只关注于恐龙的解释都完全偏离了正确方向。白垩纪的灭绝是一个全球性的现象,而恐龙只是整体情况的一部分。”
5.grain
【常用释义】
n.谷物
【生僻释义】
1.n.颗粒物
托福例句:Thecommonestspacesarethoamongtheparticles—sandgrainsandtinypebbles—ofloo,unconsolidatedsandandgravel.(官方真题Official1-3Groundwater)
解析:在这里grain用了颗粒物的含义。整个句子意为,最常见的空间是在松散、未固化的砂砾的颗粒物之间—如沙子颗粒和小鹅卵石。这里的grain和particle的含义类似。
2.n.纹理
托福例句:Mostoftheorganicmatterisburiedinclaythatisslowlyconvertedtoafine-graineddimentaryrockknownasshale.
解析:grain除了“谷物”和“颗粒”的含义外,在托福中还会考察到“纹理”的意思,而最常见的短语结构就是本句中的“fine-grained”,意为“纹理精细的”。这个短语在地质学的文章中出现的频率非常高。整句意为,大部分的有机物质会被掩埋在黏土中,而黏土会慢慢地转变成纹理精细的沉积岩,被称为页岩。
托福阅读背景素材之恋爱能让人更聪明吗
Marrysomeonesimilartoyou,ifabitsmarter找一个和你一样聪明、甚至更聪明的人结婚
ASeattleLongitudinalStudyfoundthatthemoststablerelationshipswerethoinwhichpeopleweresimilarinintelligence,flexibilityofattitudes,socialresponsibility,andeducationlevels.Rearchersalsofoundthatafter14yearstogether,spouswiththebettergraspofverbalmeaningsandwordfluencyhadpulledthelower-functioningspousuptotheirlevel.
一项西雅图纵向研究发现,那些在智力、态度灵活性、社会责任感以及教育水平方面相似的夫妻,关系最稳定。研究人员还发现,共同生活14年后,夫妻双方中对语义和语言流畅性掌握得更好的一方,会将另一方的能力也提升到和自己相同的水平。
Holdhandswheneverpossible
只要可能,牵住爱人的手
Inadditiontocreatingfeelingsofwarmthandcloness,holdinghandscanhelpinoculateyoufromstress.Onestudyusingbrainscansfoundthatwhenmarriedwomenweretoldtheywereabouttoreceiveanelectricshock,justholdingtheirhusbands'handsminimizedtheirbrains'respontothethreat.Womenintheclostrelationshipxperiencedthegreatestdecreainstress-relatedbrainactivity.
手牵手不仅可以让人产生温暖和亲近的感觉,还可以帮助你减轻压力。一项研究通过脑部扫描发现,当妻子得知她们要接受一次电击,握住丈夫的手会让她们的大脑对于这次威胁的反应减到最小。而妻子和丈夫的关系越亲密,她们的大脑对压力产生的反应也就越小。
Kissatleastonceaday
每天至少接吻一次
Thisintimatetouchtriggersthereleaofthebondinghormoneoxytocinandlowerslevelsofthestresshormonecortisol-butthat'snotall.Rearcherssaythatwhenwekiss,weactivatenearlyhalfofthecranialnervesthataffectcerebralfunction.Allofthensoryinformationofakiss-thesmellandwarmthofyourpartner'sskin,thetasteandfeelofsoftlips-shootsintoyourbrain,delightingyourneuronsandforgingnewconnections.
这种亲密接触会促进脑下垂体后叶荷尔蒙的分泌,而且会降低压力激素皮质醇的水平。不仅如此,研究人员称当人们接吻时,我们会调动将近一半可以影响大脑功能的脑神经。所有关于接吻的感官信息——你伴侣身上的味道和温度、柔软双唇的触觉和感觉——会全部发送到你的大脑中,这会让你的神经元兴奋,并产生新的联系。
Putpicturesofyourhoneyonyourdesk
把爱人的照片摆在桌上
Brainscansshowthatlookingataphotoofyourbeloved,especiallyintheearlystagesofyourrelationship,activatesapartofthebrainassociatedwithpleasureandrewardaswellasfocudattentionandmotivation.Whenyou'reinthethroesofnewlove,yourprefrontalcortexalsogetsintotheaction,anticipatingmoretimetogetherandplanningfutureevents.
脑部扫描表明,注视爱人的照片会激活大脑中和愉悦相关的某个部分,从而有助于注意力集中、更有积极性。对于恋爱初期的人来说更是如此。当你陷入爱情的苦恼时,你的前额皮质也会活跃,你会期望更多的相处时间并对未来做出计划。
Justbetogether
和爱人在一起
Onestudyfoundthataveragebloodpressurewaslowerwhenapersonspenttimewithhisorherspouthanwhentheyspenttimealoneorwithotherpeople.Evenifyoudon'ttalk,justspendtimeinthesameroom,reading,watchingTV,surfingtheweb,ordoingcrosswordpuzzles.
一项研究发现,当人们和伴侣在一起时,他们血压的平均值会比自己独处或和其他人相处时要低。哪怕你和爱人并不交谈,只是坐在同一间房里,看书、看电视、上网,或者做填字游戏。
托福阅读真题原题+题目
MatchingtheinfluxofforeignimmigrantsintothelargercitiesoftheUnitedStatesduringthelatenineteenthcenturywasadomesticmigration,fromtownandfarmtocity,withintheUnitedStates.Thecountryhadbeenoverwhelminglyruralatthebeginningofthecentury,withlessthan5percentofAmericanslivinginlargetownsorcities.Theproportionofurbanpopulationbegantogrowremarkablyafter1840,increasingfrom11percentthatyearto28percentby1880andto46percentby1900.Acountrywithonly6citiesboastingapopulationofmorethan8,000in1800hadbecomeonewith545suchcitiesin1900.Ofthe,26hadapopulationofmorethan100,000including3thatheldmorethanamillionpeople.MuchofthemigrationproducinganurbansocietycamefromsmallertownswithintheUnitedStates,butthecombinationofnewimmigrantsandoldAmericanttlersonAmerica'surbanfrontierinthelatenineteenthcenturyprovedextraordinary.
Thegrowthofcitiesandtheprocessofindustrializationfedoneachother.Theagriculturalrevolutionstimulatedmanyinthecountrysidetoekanewlifeinthecityandmadeitpossibleforfewerfarmerstofeedthelargeconcentrationsofpeopleneededtoprovideaworkforceforgrowingnumbersoffactories.Citiesalsoprovidedreadyandconvenientmarketsfortheproductsofindustry,andhugecontractsintransportationandconstruction—aswellastheexpandedmarketinconsumergoods—allowedcontinuedgrowthoftheurbanctoroftheoveralleconomyoftheUntiedStates.
Technologicaldevelopmentsfurtherstimulatedtheprocessofurbanization.OneexampleistheBesmerconverter(anindustrialprocessformanufacturingsteel),whichprovidedsteelgirdersfortheconstructionofskyscrapers.Therefiningofcrudeoilintokerone,andlaterthedevelopmentofelectriclightingaswellasofthetelephone,broughtadditionalcomfortstourbanareasthatwereunavailabletorural
Americansandhelpedattractmanyofthemfromthefarmsintothecities.Ineveryerathelureofthecityincludedamajorpsychologicalelementforcountrypeople:thebustleandsocialinteractionofurbanlifeemedparticularlyintriguingtothoraidinruralisolation.
1.WhataspectsoftheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthcenturydoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
Technologicaldevelopments
Theimpactofforeignimmigrantsoncities
Standardsofliving
Therelationshipbetweenindustrializationandurbanization
2.Thewordinfluxinline1isclostinmeaningto
working
processing
arrival
attraction
Theparagraphprecedingthepassagemostprobablydiscuss
foreignimmigration
rurallife
theagriculturalrevolution
famouscitiesofthetwentiethcentury
WhatproportionofpopulationoftheUnitedStateswasurbanin1900?
Fivepercent
Elevenpercent
Twenty-eightpercent
Forty-sixpercent
Thewordextraordinaryinline12isclotinmeaningto
expensive
exceptional
supreme
necessary
Thephraeachotherinline13refersto
foreignimmigrantsanddomesticmigrants
farmsandsmalltowns
growthofcitiesandindustrialization
industryandtransportation
Thewordstimulatedinline14isclostinmeaningto
forced