【语法讲解】高考英语非谓语语法功能差异讲解x

高考英语非谓语语法功能差异讲解
不定式、动词-ing形式、过去分词语法功能的异同
非谓语动词的语法功能对照表:
功
能
主语
宾语
表语
定语
状语
宾语补足语
不定式
V
V
V
V
V
V
动词-ing
V
V
V
V
V
V
过去分词
V
V
V
V
1)作主语的区别
动词-ing形式:表示比较抽象的、
经常性的、一般性行为时
不定式:表示具体的某次动作,特别是将来的动作时
Teachingismyjob.(表抽象行
为)
Smokingisprohibitedhere.(表
抽象行为)
Toteachyoutheusoftheinfinitiveismyjobtoday.
(表具体行为)
It'notgoodforyoutosmokesomuch.(表具
体行为)
例题(一):
Sometimestoplacephysicsandchemistryintoparatecategories.
D.thatitisdifficult
A.thatisdifficultB.isdifficultC.itisdifficult
Theteachersdon'tknowtostartandrunaschool.
A.whatittakesB.whattheytake
3.Itiswitheexperimentthatway.
A.ofhimtodoB.forhimtodo
4.Itisnoumenottoworry。
C.whatdoesittake
C.ofhisdoing
D.whattakes
D.thathedo
A)youtellB)yourtellingC)foryoutohavetoldD)havingtold
Itisnogoodremembergrammaticalrules。Youneedtopractiwhatyouhavelearned。
A)tryingtoB)totrytoC)trytoD)triedto
Itwasimpoliteofhimwithoutgood-bye。
A)toleave,sayingB)leaving,tosayC)toleave,tosayD)leaving,saying
2)作宾语的区别
①
在
XA
・agree
・ask
・choo
・decide
・demand
・determine
有些动
・expect
・hope
・intend
・manage
・offer
・plan
・pretend
・promi
・refu
・request
・require
・want
词
之后只能跟不定式作宾语。
・Ioffertohelphim,butherefud.
②在有些动词或动词词组之后只能带动词-ing形式作宾语。
・admit
・advi
・allow
・avoid
・beengagedin
・betiredof
・enjoy
・finish
・consider
・delay
・dependon
・be/getudto
・escape
・excu
・feellike
・imagine
・giveup
・can'thelp
・mind
・miss
・permit
・putoff
・insiston
・lookforwardto
・practi
・suggest
・stickto
・tabout
・payattentionto
・succeedin
・Helefttheofficeassoonaspossible,inordertoavoidmeetinghismanager.
③下列动词之后,即可跟不定式作宾语,又可跟动词-ing形式作宾语,含义有细微差别
★love,like,hate,prefer,dislike
表经常性的****惯性的行为多用动词-ing形式作这类动词的宾语;表具体、某次特定的、带将来意味的行为多用不定式作这类动词的宾语。
・Ilikeswimming,butIdon'liketoswimtoday.(前者表经常性的行为,后者表示
一次性的具体行为)
★begin,start,continue
如强调“有意识”行为,多跟动词-ing形式作宾语;如强调“无意识”行为,多跟不定式作宾语;
当这三个词用于进行时态时,后面跟不定式为佳;
当这三个词之后跟表示“精神状态或心理活动”的词时,只能跟不定式作宾语。
・IstartedlearningEnglishwhenIwasten.(表示有意识的行为)
ItbegantorainwhenIgothomelastnight.(表示无意识的行为)
Thebusisstartingtorun.(进行时,跟不定式)
Icontinuetofeelsick.(表心理活动)
Ibegintodoubthishonesty.(表心理活动)
★want,need,require
句型sb/sthwant/need/requiredoing意为“某人/某物需要”。动词-ing形式与句子主语在逻辑上含动宾关系,用主动形式表被动含义,此句之中的doing可用tobedone代替。
Mybikeneedsrepairing.=Mybikeneedstoberepaired.
Theoldmanrequireslookingafter.=theoldmanrequirestobelookedafter.
句型sbwant/need/requiretodo意为“某人想要干”。不定式与句子主语在逻辑
上含主谓关系。
Shewantstotalkwithme.
remembertodosth记住要做某事(不定式表示行为尚未发生)
rememberdoingsth记得做过某事(动词-ing形式表示行为已经发生)
・Remembertomeetmetonight.记得今晚来接我(动作尚未发生)
IrememberbeingtakentoBeijingwhenIwasachild.(动作已发生)
forgottodosth忘记了要做某事(不定式表示行为尚未执行)
forgotdoingsth忘记了做过某事(动词-ing形式表示行为已经执行)
Thelightintheofficeisstillon.Iforgottoturnitofflastnight.
I'llneverforgeteingthemusicalcomedyinNewYork.
★regrettodosth对要做的事感到抱歉(不定式表示行为紧跟在regret之后发生)regretdoingsth后悔做过某事(动词-ing形式表示行为发生在regret之前)
Iforgettoinformyouthatyouaredismisd.我很遗憾地告诉你,你被解雇了。
・Iregretnothavingtakinghisadvice.我后悔没有听他的劝告。
trytodosth尽力做某事,努力做某事(不定式表示设法完成某种困难较大的事)trydoingsth试着做某事(动词-ing形式强调方法是否得当,看看会发生什么)
・HetriedtoimprovehisEnglish.他努力地提高英语水平。
・Let'strydoingitsomeotherway.我们换别的方法试试看。
can'thelp(to)dosth不能帮忙做……can'thelpdoingsth情不自禁地……
I'msorry.Ican'thelp(to)cleanthewindows.对不起,我不能帮忙擦窗子了。
Hecouldn'thelplaughingwhenheheardthenews.听到那个消息时,他情不自禁
地笑了。
goontodosth(已做完一件事)接着做(另一事)
goondoingsth继续做同一件事
Havingwashedtheclothes,motherwentontosweepthefloor.洗完衣服后,妈妈接
着扫地。
・Theywentonworkinginthefieldsafterdark.天黑后,他们仍继续在田里干活。
stoptodosth(停止一件事)接着做(另一事)
stopdoingsth停止做某事
Afteralongwalk,theystoppedtohavelunchatarestaurant.
It'stimeforclass.Pleastoptalking.
meantodosth打算干(主语为人)
meandoingsth做某事意味着干(主语为物)
・Ihadmeanttocomeearlier.我本打算早点来。
・Missingthistrainmeanswaitingforanotherhour.
练****一)
TheHomesteadActof1862Btoacquirelandatasmallcost.
madepossibleB.madeitpossibleC.madethepossibilityD.possibly
made
IhavenochoicebutChisordertofinishmytaskaheadoftime.
A.obeyB.obeyingC.toobeyD.obeyed
SandycoulddonothingbutAtohisteacherthathewaswrong.
A.admitB.admittedC.admittingD.toadmit
Shepretended___AmewhenIpasdby.
A.nottoeB.noteingC.tonoteD.havingnoten
HeislookingforwardtohisholidayinBritain。
A)spendB)havespentC)spendingD)havingbeenspending
“Whywereyousolateforworktoday?”“totheofficewasveryslowthismorningbecau
ofthetraffic。”
A)DrivingB)IdroveC)TodriveD)ThatIdrove
Hekepttohisparents。
A)puttingofftowriteB)toputofftowriteC)puttingoffwritingD)toputoff
writing
Noonecanavoidbyadvertiments。
A)tobeinfluencedB)beinginfluencedC)influencingD)havinginfluenced
Theyareconsideringbeforethepricesgoup。
A)ofbuyingthehouB)withbuyingthehou
C)buyingthehouD)tobuythehou
IfIhadrememberedthedoor,thethingswouldnothavebeenstolen。
A)tolock
B)locking
C)tohavelocked
D)locked
Mytransistorradioisn‘tworking。It。
A)needrepairingB)needstorepair
C)needsrepairingD)needtoberepaired
Ireallyappreciatetohelpme,butIamsurethatIcanmanagebymylf.
A)youtoofferB)thatyouofferC)yourofferingD)thatyouareoffering
Thesuspectatlastadmittedstolengoodsbutdeniedthem。
A)receiving.・.llingB)toreceive...toll
C)toreceiving...tollingD)tohavereceived.tohavesold
Pleastop,boys,Ihavesomethingimportanttoyou。
A)saying.talkB)telling.sayC)talking.speakD)talking.tell
Tony,wouldyougoandeifSamhasanydifficultyhistaperecorder?
A)tofixB)fixingC)forfixingD)fix
Johnregrettedtothemeetinglastweek。
A)notgoingB)nottogoC)nothavingbeengoingD)nottobegoing
Doyoufeellikeoutorwouldyouratherdinnerathome?
A)going.tohaveB)togo.tohaveC)togo.havingD)going.have
Wehadsometroublethehouandnobodyemedwhereitwas。
A)infinding.knowingB)finding.toknow
C)tofind.knowingD)tofind.toknow
Wesuggestedinhotelsbutthechildrenwereanxiousout。
A)sleeping.・・tocampB)sleeping...camping
C)tosleep...tocampD)tosleep.camping
Thematchwascancelledbecaumostofthemembersamatchwithoutastandardcourt。
A)objectedtohavingB)wereobjectedtohave
C)objectedtohaveD)wereobjectedtohaving
Afterhimbetter,Iregrettedhimunfairly。
A)gettingtoknow...tojudgeB)gettingtoknow...tohavejudged
C)gettingtohaveknow...judgingD)gettingtoknow・・・havingjudged
3)作宾语补足语的区别
不定式,动词-ing形式和过去分词都可以做宾语补足语,有时由其前面的动词来决定选
用哪一种形式作补语。有些感官动词和使役动词之后可以接三种结构作宾语补足语。
如果作补语的非谓语动词与其前宾语含主谓关系,则可用不定式或动词-ing形式。
★在使役动词之后的不定式表示动作已经发生,动作的全过程已经结束,还可表示将来的动作或经常性的动作。
・Isawhimgoupstairs.(him与go含主谓关系,表示看见他上楼整个过程)
・Theyoftenhavemecleanthehou.(me与clean含主谓关系,表示经常性的动作)
・I'llgethimtocleanthehou.(him与clean含主谓关系,表示将来的动作)
★动词-ing形式多强调动作正在发生或进行。
・Isawhimgoingupstairs.(him与going含主谓关系,表示看见他上楼的情景)
Don'thaveyourhorrunningsofast.(hor与running含主谓关系,表示动作正在进行)
如果作补语的非谓语动词与其前宾语含动宾关系,则用过去分词。
Hehadhishaircutyesterday.(cut与hair含动宾关系)
Hefoundthewindowbroken.(broken与window含动宾关系)
练****一)
TheteacherhadthestudentsAtheirhomeworkeveryday.
A.doB.todoC.doneD.doing
IrememberC___himthebikeneeded.
A.hearing,saying,torepair
tohear,say,torepair
C.hearing,say,toberepairedD.tohear,saying,repairing
MrsSmithwarnedherdaughterAafterdrinking.
A.nevertodriveB.toneverdriveC.neverdrivingD.neverdrive
Markoftenattemptstoescapewheneverhebreakstrafficregulations.
A)havingbeenfinedB)tohavebeenfinedC)tobefinedD)beingfined
练****二)
Canyougetthemachine_go(go)again?
Canyougetthemachine___repaired(repair)?
Theyfoundthefilmvery__moving(move).
Theyfoundthestudents__moved(move)bythefilm.
Thecustomerwascaught___stealing(steal)attheshop.
Hehadhisdictionary__stolen(steal)theotherday.
3)作表语的区别
不定式作表语
多表示具体的某次动作,特别是将来的动作。
Theboy'swishistobecomeadoctor.=Tobecomeadoctoristheboy'swish.
动词-ing形式作表语
・表示比较抽象的、经常性的或般性的行为,说明主语本身的情况,主语和表语的位置可以互换且不影响意义的表达
・着重说明主语的特征、特性或状态,主语和表语的位置是固定的,不可互换,动词-ing形式与主语在逻辑上含主谓关系,动词-ing形式表示主动的概念。
Myjobisteaching.=Teachingismyjob.
(表经常性的行为,主语和表语的位置可以互换)
Thestoryisinteresting.=Thestoryinterests
me.
(表主语特征,主语和表语位置不可换,表示主动的动作)