高中英语语法被动语态详解

被动语态
构成:
1.助动词be+(及物动词的)过去分词。
语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语间的关系。英语动词有主动语态和被动语态两种语态。主动语态表示主语是动词的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。例如:
ManypeoplespeakEnglish.
Englishisspokenbymanypeople.
Englishisnotspokenhere.
2
一般现在时
一般过去时
一般将来时
现在完成时
am
is+asked
are
was
+asked
were
shall
be+asked
will
has
been+asked
have
现在进行时
过去进行时
过去完成时
am
Isbeing+asked
are
was
being+asked
were
hadbeen+asked
用法
1.不知某事为谁所做:不知道谁是动作的执行者时,要用被动语态。例如:
(1)Hiswatchwasstolenyesterday.(2)ThiscarismadeinJapan.
2.不必说出动作为谁所做:不必或不想指出谁是动作的执行者时,用被动语态。例如:(1)Thisnovelwaswrittenin1886.(2)Abridgeisbeingbuiltoverthere.
3.为了强调或突出动作的承受者。例如:
(1)Thematterwasdiscusdatthemeetinglastweek.
(2)WangLinwalectedmonitoroftheclass.
4.Itissaidthat等结构:在Iwastoldthat,Itissaidthat,Itisbelievedthat,Itishopedthat,Itissuggestedthat等****惯用语中用被动语态。例如:
(1)Iwastoldthathehadbeenwoundedinthewar.
(2)Itisreportedthatanewroadwillbebuilthere.
5.带有情态动词的被动语态结构:情态动词+be+过去分词。
(1)Thebookmustbereturnedtothelibraryatonce.
(2)Thetaskcanbefinishedinaweek.
6.带有不定式的被动语态结构:tobe+过去分词。例如:
(1)Anewhotelisgoingtobebuilthere.(2)Hedidn’twanttobeexamined.
7.短语动词是一个不可分割的整体,在变为被动语态时,不可漏掉组成短语的介词或副词。例如:(1)Theexperimenthasbeencarriedout.
(2)Theoldmaniswelltakencareof.
三、被动语态的疑难问题:
1.主动语态变为被动语态的方法:
(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。例如:
1)Shewrotetheletter.——Theletterwaswrittenbyher.
2)Hewillwatertheflowersintheafternoon.——Theflowerswillbewatered….
(2)主动谓语转换成被动语态:be动词要按新主语的人称、数作变化,谓语由主动结构变为被动结构。例如:
1)Thepolicemanhascaughtthethieves.——Thethieveshavebeencaughtby…
2)Theworkersarerepairingthewatches.——Thewatchesarebeingrepairedby...
2.有两种被动语态的动词:英语中有些动词,如:tell,pay,nd,give,buy,show,offer,lend,leave,make,hand,throw,teach等,有时可以带两个宾语,一为间接宾语,一为直接宾语。在变为被动语态时,通常把间接宾语(即代表人的宾语)变为被动语态的主语,但也可以把直接宾语(即代表人物的宾语)变为被动语态的主语。例如:1)Sheaskedhimsomequestions.
Hewasaskedsomequestionsbyher.Somequestionswereaskedhimbyher.
2)Motherboughtmeanewcoat.Iwasboughtanewcoatbymother.
Anewcoatwasboughtformebymother.
3.被动语态中的by短语和with短语:用by短语表示动作的执行者,说明具体动作是由某人或某物执行的;用with短语表示做某事所用的工具或手段,或表示某种情况或状态。例如:
1)TheletterwaswrittenbyHenry.Theletterwaswrittenwithapen.
2)Thetigerwaskilledbyahunter.Thetigerwaskilledwithagun.
4.smellsweet结构:英语中有些动词,用主动语态形式表示被动语态意义,如连系动词feel,look,taste,smell,sound,prove等;当wash,cut,wear,clean,shut,lock,open,read,cook等用作不及物动词,表示主语的属性时,通常也要用主动形式表示被动意义。例如:1)Theflowersmellssweet.Thisdishtastesgood.
Thebooksllverywell.Thecardrivesfast.
2)Thedoorwon’tshut.这门关不上。(主语的情况、属性,表示“门出问题了”)
Thedoorwon’tbeshut.这门不用关上。(表示“不用关,不必关”,门无问题)
Thentencereadsclearly.Thentenceisreadclearly.
5.“be+过去分词”结构有时并不是被动语态:某些动词,如等后的过去分词实际上已转化为形容词,作表语,表示状态、情绪等。例如:
1)Hewassurpridatthenews.Thebookiswellwritten.
2)Theroadwasmended.Theroadwasmendedbythem.
3)Thobooksareallsoldout.Thobooksaresoldquickly.
6.不能用于被动语态的动词:
(1)不及物动词:不及物动词不可用于被动语态。比较:
1)(T)Theboysleptwelllastnight.(F)Theboywassleptwelllastnight.
2)(T)Theteacherislistenedtocarefully.(F)Theteacherislistenedcarefully.
(2)状态动词:表示状态的动词,如have,lack,fit,hold,become等,不可用于被动语态。另外,enter,join,miss也不用于被动语态。比较:
1)(T)Thecoatfitsherwell.(F)Sheisfitwellbythecoat.
2)(T)Hehasanewbike.(F)Anewbikeishadbyhim.
(3)部分短语动词:英语中有大量的短语动词,有些可用于被动语态,有些则不可用于被动语态,需注意区别。比较:
1)Thechildrenhavebeenwelllookedafter.
2)Theyquiteagreewithhim.(F)Hewasn’tquiteagreedwithbythem.
8.不可变为被动语态的句子:
(1)mylf等:宾语是反身代词时不可变为被动语态。比较:
(T)Shehidherlfbehindthedoor.(F)Herlfwashidbehindthedoor.
(2)eachother等:宾语是相互代词时不可变为被动语态。比较:
(T)Theyhelpedeachother.(F)Eachotherwashelped.
(3)liveahappylife等:同源宾语不可变为被动语态。比较:
(T)Hedreamedasweetdream.(F)Asweetdreamwasdreamedbyhim.
(4)likeswimming等:宾语是动词不定式或动名词时不可变为被动语态。比较:
1)(T)Ihopedtodothejob.(F)Todothejobishopedbyme.
2)(T)Theystoppedtalkingjustnow.(F)Talkingwasstoppedbythemjustnow.
(5)jointheParty等:组织、团体等名词作宾语时不可变为被动语态。比较:
(T)Hejoinedthearmylastyear.(F)Thearmywasjoinedbyhimlastyear.
(6)shutone’smouth等:宾语是主语(人)身上的某一部分或感官时不可变为被动语态。比较:
(T)Heraidhishand.(F)Herhandwasraid.
(7)weigh等:weigh(重达)等表示度量的动词,不可用于被动语态。例如:
(T)Theboxweighs30kilogram’s.(F)Theboxisweighed30kilogram’s.
[提示]:
①有些作宾语的动词不定式可以借用先行词it变为被动语态。比较:
Theyhavedecidedtogobytraintomorrow.
Ithasbeendecidedbythemtogobytraintomorrow.
②be动词不可同时作连系动词和助动词。例如:
Heisagoodteacherand(is)respectedbythestudents.
③get+过去分词也可以构成被动语态,常指偶然发生的事情,或没有计划、没有预料到的事情。例如:
Hegotbittenbyadogyesterday.
Howdidthevagetbroken?
成语补充:
Inapple-pieorder井井有条
Nocross,nocrown苦尽甘来
Onceinabluemoon千载难逢