英语词源词典 Tx

'Tis。
abbreviationofitis,firstrecordedc.1450.
-teen。
combiningformmeaning"tenmorethan,“fromO.E.-tene,-tiene,fromP.Gmc.^tekhuniz(cf.O.S.-tein,Du.-tien,O.H.G.-zehan,Ger.-ze/in,Goth.-taihun),aninflectedformoftherootoften;cognatewithL.-decim(cf.It.-dici,Sp.-ce,Fr.-ze).Thecombiningformofordinalnumbers,-teenth,developedfromO.E.-teoda,-teode(W.Saxon),teogoda(Anglian)Htenth.Hsuffixformingnounsfromverbs(depth,strength,truth,etc.),fromO.E.-du,-d,fromPIE*-itQ(cf.Skt.-tati-,Gk.-tef-,L.-tati-).Thesuffixformingordinalnumbers(fourth,tenth,etc.)isO.E.-da,fromPIE*-tos(cf.Skt.thah,Gk.-tos,L.-tus).
-tion。
suffixformingnounsfromverbs,fromL.-tionem,accusativeofnounsuffix-tzo(gen.-tionis)formingnounsofconditionandaction(the-t-istheLatinpp.stem).
-tomy。
comb,formmeaningnacutting/fromGk.-tomia“acuttingof,“fromtome”acutting,ction11(etome).
-trix。
fem.agentialsuffix,fromL.?correspondingtomasc.-tor.
-tron。
asasuffixinnewcompoundsformedinphysics,1939,abstractedfromelectron(Gk.-tronwasaninstrumentivesuffix).
tactile。
1615,"perceptibletotouch/fromFr.tactile,fromL.tactilisntangible5thatmaybetouched/*fromtactus,pp.oftangerentotouch"(etangent).Meaning"oforpertainingtotouch"isattestedfrom1657.
1877,"youngorsmallchild/1probablyashortenedformoftadpole.Theextendedmeaning"smallamount11isfirstrecorded1915.
tadpole■
0.1400,fromtadde"toad”(etoad)+pol"head"(epoll).
taekwondo。
1967,fromKorean,fromtae"kick"+kwon"fist"+do”art,way,method.”taffeta。
1373,fromO.Fr.taffetas(1317),fromIt.taffeta,ult.fromPers,tafiah"silkorlinencloth/1nounuoftaftah,pp.oftaftan“toshine/talso"totwist,spin.”Appliedtodifferentfabricsatdifferenttimes(andcf.tapestry).
taffrail。
1814,alterationoftafferel"upperpanelonthesternofaship(oftenornamented)”(1704),earlier,nacarvedpaneln(1622),fromDu.tafereel"panelforpaintingorcarving/1dissimulationfrom^tafeleel,dim.oftafelntable/fromthegeneralW.Gmc.borrowingofL.tabula"slab,board**(etable).TheworddevelopedinDu.fromthecustomofornamentingthehigh,flatsternofoldsailingships;spellingandnalteredinEng.byinfl.ofrail(n.).
taffy。
candymadefromsugarormolass,1817,relatedtotoffee,butofuncertainorigin;perhapsassociatedwithtafia(1763),arum-likealcoholicliquordistilledfrommolass,presumablyofW.IndianorMalayorigin(perhapsa
O.E.dorpnvillage,hamlet,farm,estate/1reinforcedbyO.N.dorp,bothfromP.Gmc.^thurpa-(cf.O.Fris.thorp,Fris.terp,M.Du.,Du.dorp,Ger.dorfnvillage/Goth.})aurp"estate,land,field"),probablyfromPIEba^treb-"dwelling.nPrervedinplacenamendingin-thorp,-thrup.
tho。
MidlandsandsouthernvariantofO.E./qs,nominativeandaccusativepluralofpes,peos"this"(ethis).
Thoth。
ancientEgyptiangodofwisdomandmagic,fromL・,fromGk.Thoth,fromEgyptianTehuti.
thou。
2ndnominativesingularpersonalpronoun,O.E.力”,fromP.Gmc.*thu(cf.O.Fris.Ou,M.Du”M.L.G.du,Ger.du,O.N.Goth.力u),fromPIE
condpersonsingularpronoun(cf.L.tu,Ir.tu,Welshti,Gk.su,Lith.tu,O.C.S.ty,Skt.twa-ixi).SuperdedinM.E.bypluralformyou(fromadifferentroot),butretainedincertaindialects(e.g.PhiladelphiaQuakers).Thepluralatfirstwasudinaddressingsuperiorindividuals,lateralso(toerronthesideofpropriety)strangers,andultimatelyallequals.Byc.1450theuofthoutoaddressinferiorsgaveitatingeofinsultunlessaddresdbyparentstochildren,orintimatestooneanother.Hencetheverbmeaning“tou'thou'toaperson"(c.1440).
nAvaunt,caitiff,dostthouthoume!Iamcomeofgoodkin,Itellthee!n["Hickscorner/c.1530]
AbriefhistoryofthecondpersonpronouninEng.canbefoundhere.
though
c.1200,fromO.E.peah,andinpartfromO.N.力o''though,“bothfromP.Gmc.^thaukh(cf.Goth,pauh,O.Fris.thach,M.Du.,Du.doch,O.H,G.doh,Ger.doch),fromPIEdemonstrativepronoun(ethat).Theevolutionoftheterminalsounddidnotfollowlaugh,tough,etc.,thoughatendencytoendthewordinexistedc.1300-1750andpersistsindialects.
thought(n.),
O.E.boht,ge»oht,fromstemof})encan“toconceiveofinthemind,consider"(ethink).CognatewiththecondelementinGer.Gedachtnis''memory,“Andacht"attention,devotion/1Bedacht"consideration,deliberation.HThoughtful"giventothinking,meditative”isattestedfromc.1200;nof"considerateofothers"isfirstrecorded1851(thoughtless"inconsiderate”isattestedfrom1794).Secondthought"laterconsideration“isrecordedfrom1642.Thought-crimeisfrom"NineteenEighty-Four"(1949);thoughtpoliceisattestedfrom1946,originallyinref.topre-warJapaneSpecialHigherPolice(TokubetsuKotoKeisatsu).
thousand/
O.E.pund,fromP.Gmc.^thusundi(cf.O.Fris.thund,Du.duizend,O.H.G.dusunt,Ger.taund,O.N.pusund,Goth./usimdi);relatedtowordsinBalto-Slavic(cf.Lith.tukstantis,O.C.S.tysashta,Pol.tysiac,Czechtisic),andprobablyultimatelyacompoundwithindefinitemeaning"veralhundred11ornagreatmultitude11(withfirstelementperhapsrelatedtoSkt.tawasnstrong,force").UdtotranslateGk.khilias,L.mille,hencetherefinementintotheprecimodernmeaning.TherewasnogeneralIEwordfornthousand.nSlangshorteningthoufirstrecorded1867.Thousandislanddressing(1916)ispresumablynamedfortheregionofNewYorkontheSt.LawrenceRiver.
thrall。
O.E.j)rs8l"bondsman,rf,slave,"fromO.N.向史ll"slave,rvant/1probablyfromP.Gmc.^thrakhilaz,lit."runner/1fromroot^threh-"torun"(cf.O.H.G.dregil"rvant,''prop.nrunner;HO.E.prgsgan,Go\h.pragjan"torun").
thrash。
1588,"toparategrainsfromwheat,etc.,bybeating,“dial,variantofthreshen(ethresh).Senof"beat(someone)with(orasifwith)aflail"isfirstrecorded1606.Meaningntomakewildmovementslikethoofaflailorwhip”isattestedfrom1846.Typeoffastheavymetalmusicfirstcalledbythisname1982.
thread(n.)。
O.E.&r况d"finecord,especiallywhentwisted"(relatedtoprawan"totwist"),fromP.Gmc.*thr史dus(cf.M.Du.draet,Du.draad,O.H.G.drat,Ger.Draht,O.N.pradr),fromsuffixedformofba登九厂史-"twist”(ethrow).Meaning“spiralridgeofascrew"isfrom1674.Theverbmeaning"toputthreadthroughaneedle11isrecordedfromc.1366;inref.tofilmcamerasfrom1913.Thedancingmovecalledthreadtheneedleisattestedfrom1844.Threads,slangfornclothes"is1926,Amer.Eng.Threadbareisrecordedfrom1362,fromthenotionofnhavingthenapwornoff/leavingbarethethreads.
threat。
O.E.preat“crowd,troop,"also"oppression,menace/1relatedtopreotan"totrouble,weary/fromP.Gmc.^threutanan(cf.Ger.verdrie/3en“tovex"),fromPIE*trud-"push,press”(cf.L.trudere"topress,thrust/1O.C.S.trudu"oppression/1M.Ir.trottnquarrel,conflict/*M.Welshcythrud"torture,torment,afflict").Senofnconditionaldeclarationofhostileintention"wasinO.E.TheverbthreatenisO.E.})reatman;threateninginthenof"portendingnogoodnisrecordedfrom1530.
three。
O.E.breo,fem.andneut.(masc.pri,brie),fromP.Gmc.^thrijiz(cf.O.Fris.thre9M.Du.,Du.drie,O.H.G.dri,Ger.drei,O.N.prir9Dan.tre),fromPIE^trejes(cf.Skt.trayas,Avestanthri,Gk.treis,L.tres,Lith.trys,O.C.S.trye,Ir.,Welshtrinthree0).3-Dfirstattested1952,abbreviationofthree-dimensional(1878).Three-piecesuitisrecordedfrom1909.Threecheersforisrecordedfrom1751.Three-martinilunchisattestedfrom
1972.Three-ringcircusfirstrecorded1898.Three-sixty"completeturnaround”isfrom1927,originallyamongaviators,inref.tothenumberofdegreesinafullcircle.ThreemusketeerstranslatesFr.lestroismousquetaires,titleofan1844novelbyAlexandreDumaspere.
threnodyO
“songoflamentation/1634,fromGk.threnodia,fromthrenosndirge,lament/1+oide"ode."Gk.threnosprobablyisfromaPIEimitativebameaning"tomurmur,hum;"cf.O.E.dran"drone,”Goth,drunjus''sound,''Gk.tenthrene”akindofwasp.nthresh。
O.E.prescan,perscan"tobeat,siftgrainbytramplingorbeating/*fromP.Gmc.^threskananntothresh/originallyPotread,tostampnoisily”(cf.M.Du.derschen,Du.dorschen,O.H.G.dreskan,Ger.dreschen,O.N.preslga,Goth,priskan),fromPIEba*tere-"torub,turn”(e
throw).Thebasicnotionisoftreadingoutwheatunderfootofmenoroxen,later,withtheadventoftheflail,thewordacquireditsmodernextendednof"toknock,beat,strike.HTheoriginalGmc.nissuggestedbytheuofthewordinRomaniclanguagesthatborrowedit,e.g.It.trescare“toprance/1O.Fr.treschier“todance,"Sp.triscarntostampthefeet."Thethreshershark(1609)socalledforitslonguppertailshape.
thresholdO
O.E.prescold,b史rscwold,})erxold"doorsill,pointofentering/firstelementrelatedtoO.E.})rescan(ethresh),withitsoriginalnof“tread,trample/*SecondelementofunknownoriginandmuchtransformedinalltheGmc.languages;inEng.itprobablyhasbeenalteredtoconformtohold,buttheoft-repeatedstorythatthethresholdwasabarrierplacedatthedoorwaytoholdthechaffflooringintheroomismerefolketymology.CognatesincludeO.N.preskjoldr,Swed.troskel,O.H.G.driscufli,Ger.dial,drischaufel.
thrice。
c.1200,fromO.E.priga,})riwa"thrice”(fromprie"three;nethree)+adverbialgenitive-es,changedto-cec.1600toreflectvoicelesspronunciation.
thrift。
c.1305,"factorconditionofthriving/1also"prosperity,savings”(1310),fromM.E.thriven"tothrive"(ethrive),possiblyinfl.byO.N.>曲variantof力厂炉"prosperity,"fromJ)rifask"tothrive?Senof"habitofsaving,economy“firstrecorded1553(thrtftyinthisnisrecordedfrom1526;alsoespendthrift).Thriftshopfirstattested1947.
thrill(v.)。
C.1300,ntopierce,penetrate,nmetathesisofO.E.J)yrlian,from})yrel"hole"(inM.E”also“nostril"),frompurh"through”(cf.M.H.G.diirchel"pierced,
perforated11)+-el.Meaning"giveashivering,excitingfeeling"isfirstrecorded1592,viametaphoricnotionof
npiercewithemotion.0Thenouninthisnisfrom1680;meaningnathrillingexperience11isattestedfrom1936.Thriller"nsationalstorynisfrom1889.
thriveO
c.12OO5fromO.N.J)rifask"tothrive/1originally"grasptoonelf,nprobablyfromO.N."toclutch,grasp,grip"(cf.Swed.trifvas,Dan.trivesntothrive,flourish"),ofunknownorigin.
throat。
O.E.力rote(impliedinprotbolla“theAdam'sapple,larynx/1lit.nthroatboll"),relatedto^rutian"toswell/fromP.Gmc.^thrut-(cf.O.H.G.drozza,Ger.Drosl,O.S.strata,M.Du.strote,Du.strot"throat"),perhapsfromPIE^trud-(cf.O.E.prutian"toswell/O.N.prutna"toswell").Thenotionisofntheswollenpart“oftheneck.It.strozzanthroat,"strozzare"tostrangle“areGmc.loan-words.Collegeslangfor"competitivestudent"is1970s,fromcutthroat.
throb(v.)。
1362(impliedinthrobbing),ofuncertainorigin,perhapsmeanttoreprentinsoundthepulsationofarteriesandveinsortheheart.Thenounisfirstattested
1579-throe
c.12OO5throwe"pain,pangofchildbirth,agonyofdeath,“possiblyfromO.E.prawanntwist,turn,writhe"(ethrow),oralteredfromO.E.prea(gen.prawe)naffliction,pang,evil,threat"(relatedtoprowianntosuffer”),fromP.Gmc.^thrawo(cf.M.H.G.dronthreat/*Ger.drohen"tothreaten").Modernspellingfirstrecorded1615.
thrombosisO
1706,Mod.L.,fromGk.thrombosisnaclumpingorcurdling”(fromthrombousthainbecomecurdledorclotted/fromthrombos"clot,curd,lump")+-osis.
throne。
C.1240,fromO.Fr.trone(12c.),fromL.thronus,fromGk.thronos"elevatedat,chair,throne/fromPIEba^dher-ntoholdfirmly,support”(cf.L.firmus"firm,steadfast,strong,stable/1Skt.dharma"statute,law;nefirm(adj.)).Colloquialmeaning“toilet"isrecordedfrom1922.
throng(n.)■
c.1300,probablyshortenedfromO.E.ge})rangncrowd,tumult1*(relatedtoverbbringan"topush,crowd,press"),fromP.Gmc.^thrangan(cf.O.N.prong,Du.drang,Ger.DrangHcrowd,throng").Theverb,inthenofngoinacrowd/isfirstrecorded1534.
throstleO
"thrush/1O.E.力rosMe,fromP.Gmc.^thrustalo(cf.O.S.throsla,O.H.G.droscala,Ger.Drosl“thrush"),alteredfrom(perhapsadim.of)^thurstaz(ethrush),thoughOEDconsidersthisadistinctwordfromthesamePIEroot.
throttle(v.)O
"strangle