法律英语讲座之三
美国宪法和美国法院制度
(李湛意 上海外国语大学法学院)
第一讲中我们讲了法律的体系和分类,今天我们更进一步,了解普通法(common law)的重
要代表——美国法律,它的宪法和法院系统的知识。
(一)美国宪法(the Constitution)
“美国宪法”通常指的是1787年制定并生效的美国的联邦宪法,至今它已经有26条宪法修正
案(amendments to the Constitution),其中,前十条合在一起又叫做《权利法案》(The Bill of Rights)。
amendments 修正案;补充条款
美国宪法规定了美国政治法律生活中处于中心的位置。其中所涉及的制度和原则包括了:联
邦制(federalism)、分权制(separation of powers)、总统制(presidency)等等意义深远的制度,
处处体现着美国人最引以为豪的自由、民主的精神。
下面这句话很好地解释了联邦制(federalism)的含义:
Federalism is the basis for the structure of government in the United States. Federal form of government
is one in which the states form a union and the sovereign power is divided between a central governing
authority and member states.
联邦制是美国政府结构的基础,它指一种由诸州形成联邦,并在中央统治当局与成员州之间
分开行使主权的政府形式。
美国宪法中,处处体现着“分权”的思想。这主要体现在两个方面:
第一,是联邦政府和州政府之间的分权。下面的这段话很能说明问题:
The Constitutional Convention created a federal system of government in which the states delegated
certain enumerated powers to the national government and reserved all other powers to themselves.
“制宪会议”创造了一种政府联邦制度,在该这制度中,各州将一些明确的权力授予中央政府,
其他权力则由自己保留。
第二,主要是美国的司法、立法和行政机构之间的分权。
a tripartite(legislature, executive, judiciary) 三权(立法权、行政权、司法权)制衡分立
separation of powers 分权
checks and balance of powers 权力制衡
The system of checks and balances is a basic feature of the United States government.
制衡制度是美国政府的一个基本特征。
还要注意的是,美国每个州也都有各自的宪法。美国的五十个州加上哥伦比亚特区和联邦宪
法本身,至少有五十二部宪法。这些宪法在制定和修改时都必须保证不与联邦宪法相抵触,否则
就会就会被人指控为违宪(unconstitutional),接受法院的司法审查(judicial review)。
(二)美国法院制度(American court system)
根据宪法的精神,美国建立了其独特的法院制度。在美国,有两套法院系统。一套是联邦法
院体系,另一套则是州法院体系。
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In America, the federal and state court systems are separate. The federal system was established by
Congress, under ArticlesⅠand Ⅲ of the Constitution; state constitutions provide for the establishment of
state courts.
在美国,联邦与州法院系统是分离的。联邦法院系统是由国会依据联邦宪法的第一条、第三
条规定而建立的;州法院系统则是依州宪法的规定而建立的。
总的来说,联邦法院是联邦法律的最终仲裁者(the ultimate arbiter),州法院则是州法律的最
终仲裁者。
两套法院体系都各有三层结构,这个英文叫做“the three-tier judicial system”。
1. 州级法院制度
尽管每个州的法院体系都会有所区别,但基本上它们都包含了初审法院(Trial Court)、上诉
法院(Appellate Court)和最高法院(Supreme Court)三个层面的法院。
初审法院又可以分成民事(civil division)和刑事(criminal division)法庭。
The function of the trial courts is usually hearing evidence and testimony and delivering verdicts.
初审法院的作用通常是审理证据、证词和宣布判决。
Although evidence may be heard by a jury, most trial-court cases are in fact bench trials—that is, they
are heard only by one judge.
尽管证据可能会由某一陪审团来听证,但是大多数的初审法院的案件事实上是“法官审”,即
这些案件仅由一名法官来审理。
注释:在法律英语中,the bench 也可以指法官。这和律师的一种表达方法 the bar 是相对应
的。bar 最初的意思是“法庭、议会内的围栏”,后来也引伸为“法庭”或“被告人席”。
借此机会,我们可以复习一下一些常用的法庭词汇:
court action法庭诉讼
civil action民事诉讼
criminal action刑事诉讼
lawsuit诉讼
damages损害赔偿金
relief法律上的救济
charge...with以(某罪)指控某人
commit a crime犯罪
breach of a contract违约
witness证人
client律师客户
proceedings诉讼程序
complaint or petition起诉状
claim请求,主张
verdict判决
testimony证词
defendant被告(民、刑事)
plaintiff原告(主要指民事)
另外,在州一级的法院体系中还经常会包括像青少年法院(juvenile court),遗嘱检查法院
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The Song of the River
You hear it all along the river. You hear it, loud and strong, from the rowers as they urge the junk with
its high stern, the mast lashed alongside, down the swift running stream. You hear it from the trackers, a more
breathless chant, as they pull desperately against the current, half a dozen of them perhaps if they are taking
up a wupan, a couple of hundred if they are hauling a splendid junk, its square sail set, over a rapid. On the
junk a man stands amidships beating a drum incessantly to guide their efforts, and they pull with all their
strength, like men possessed, bent double; and sometimes in the extremity of their travail they crawl on the
ground, on all fours, like the beasts of the field. They strain, strain fiercely, against the pitiless might of the
stream. The leader goes up and down the line and when he sees one who is not putting all his will into the
task he brings down his split bamboo on the naked back. Each one must do his utmost or the labor of all is
vain. And still they sing a vehement, eager chant, the chant of the turbulent waters. I do not know how word
can describe what there is in it of effort. It serves to express the straining heart, the breaking muscles, and
at the same time the indomitable spirit of man which overcomes the pitiless force of nature. Though the rope
may part and the great junk swing back, in the end the rapid will be passed; and at the close of the weary
day there is the hearty meal...
But the most agonizing song is the song of the coolies who bring the great bales from the junk up the
steep steps to the town wall. Up and down they go, endlessly, and endless as their toil rises their rhythmic
cry. He, aw-ah, oh. They are barefoot and naked to the waist. The sweat pours down their faces and their
翻
译
讲
堂
接上页)(
(probate court),家庭事务法院(family court),小额索赔法院(small-claims court)一类的处理专
门法律内容的法院。
2. 联邦法院制度
联邦法院制度由地方法院(the District Court)、联邦上诉法院(U.S. Court of Appeals)又叫地
区巡回法院(the Circuit Court)、联邦最高法院(the U.S. Supreme Court)组成。
通过阅读下面这段话,我们可以基本了解联邦法院所管辖的案件范围:
Federal party jurisdiction extends to those cases in which the United States is a party; involving foreign
diplomats; between two or more states; between a state and citizens of another state; between citizens of
different states; between citizens of the same state claiming land under grants from different states; and
between a state or its citizens and foreign states, citizens, or subjects.
联邦的“当事人管辖”扩展到下列案件:在案件中,美国是诉讼的一方;涉及外国外交官的
案件;涉及到两个州或者多个州之间的案件;涉及到一个州与另外一个州的公民之间的案件;两
个不同州的公民之间的案件;同一州的公民之间按照不同州许可索要土地的案件;涉及某一州或
该州公民与外国国家、公民或臣民之间的案件。
还要注意的是在联邦法院内审理的案件,一般情况下适用的都是联邦法律(federal law)。而
联邦最高法院(the Supreme Court)是美国所有司法案件的最终解释者。
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