美国法律中的谋杀罪 Murders in American Law

Murder(UnitedStateslaw)

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IntheUnitedStates,theprincipleofdualsovereigntyappliesto

homicide,alsoknownasmurder,eriscommitted

withinthebordersofastate,rly,

ifthecrimeiscommittedintheDistrictofColumbia(otherwiseknown

asWashington,D.C.),iorCourt(theequivalentofastate

courtintheDistrict)retainsjurisdiction,thoughinsomecases

mentpropertyorpersonnel,thefederalcourtsmay

haveexclusivejurisdiction.[1]Ifthevictimisafederalofficial,an

ambassador,consulorotherforeignofficialundertheprotectionofthe

UnitedStates,orifthecrimetookplaceonfederalpropertyorinvolved

crossingstatelines,orinamannerthatsubstantiallyaffectsinterstate

commerceornationalsecurity,thenthefederalgovernmentalsohas

meisnotcommittedwithinanystate,thenFederal

jurisdictionisexclusive:examplesincludenavalorU.S.-flagged

rybases

tion,murderbyamemberoftheUnitedStatesmilitary

anywhereintheworldisaviolationofArticle118oftheUniformCode

ofMilitaryJusticeandcanresultinaservicemembersuspectedofmurder

swhereamurderinvolves

bothstateandfederaljurisdiction,theoffendercanbetriedand

punishedseparatelyforeachcrimewithoutraisingissuesofdouble

jeopardy,unlessthecourtbelievesthatthenewprosecutionismerely

a"sham"forwardedbythepriorprosecutor.[2]IntheUnitedStatesthere

isnostatuteoflimitationsonthecrimeofmurder.

Moderncodificationstendtocreateagenusofoffenses,known

collectivelyashomicide,ofwhichmurderisthemostseriousspecies,

followedbymanslaughterwhichislessserious,andendingfinallyin

justifiablehomicide,ethereare53

jurisdictions,eachwithitsowncriminalcode,thissectiontreatsonly

thecrimeofmurder,anddoesnotdealwithstate-by-statespecifics.

Atbase,murderconsistsofanintentionalunlawfulactwithadesignto

lly,anintentiontocausegreatbodily

harmisconsideredindistinguishablefromanintentiontokill,asisan

actsoinherentlydangerousthatanyreasonablepersonwouldrealizethe

,ifthedefendanthurledthevictimfroma

bridge,itisnodefensetoarguethatharmwasnotcontemplated,orthat

thedefendanthopedonlytobreakbones.

llaw,murderistheunlawfulkillingofahumanbeing

withmaliceaforethought.[3]Malicecanbeexpressed(intenttokill)or

dmaliceisprovenbyactsthatinvolvereckless

indifferencetohumanlifeorinadeaththatoccursduringthecommission

ofcertainfelonies(thefelonymurderrule).Theexacttermsofthefelony

sentencingformurderintheUnitedStateshasameanof349months(29

yearsonemonth)andamedianof480months(40years).[4]However,some

states'sentencingscontemplateafulllife'sconfinement,whencethe

sentenceofconfinementisnotdeemedfulfilledwhiletheconvictedperson

lives;andtheonlywaytofulfillthesentence(andtherebyobtainrelease

fromconfinement)isbytheindividual'entencesaretermed

naturallifeand/onally,

lifewithoutthepossibilityofparolecanbedefinedunderspecial

circumstancesforexampleinthecourseofarobberyoradditionalcrimes.

()CourtofAppealsofCalifornia,FourthDistrict,Division

One

Contents

[hide]











1DegreesofmurderintheUnitedStates

2Punishmentformurder

o2.1Federal

o2.2Military

o2.3Bystates

3FetalhomicideintheUnitedStates

4MurderSentencingGuidelinesintheUnitedStates

o4.1Arizona

o4.2Florida

o4.3Hawaii

o4.4Louisiana

o4.5Michigan

o4.6Missouri

o4.7evada

o4.8Washington

5References

[edit]DegreesofmurderintheUnitedStates

Stateshaveadoptedseveraldifferentschemesforclassifyingmurdersby

tcommonseparatesmurderintotwodegrees,andtreats

voluntaryandinvoluntarymanslaughterasseparatecrimesthatdonot

constitutemurder.

Firstdegreemurderisanymurderthatiswillfulandpremeditated.

[5][6]Felonymurderistypicallyfirstdegree.

Seconddegreemurderisamurderthatisnotpremeditatedorplanned

inadvance.[7]

Voluntarymanslaughtersometimescalleda"HeatofPassion"murder,

isanyintentionalkillingthatinvolvednopriorintenttokill,

andwhichwascommittedundersuchcircumstancesthatwould"cause

areasonablepersontobecomeemotionallyormentallydisturbed."

Boththisandseconddegreemurderarecommittedonthespot,but

thetwodifferinthemagnitudeofthecircumstancessurrounding

mple,abarfightthatresultsindeathwould

samebarfight

stemmedfromadiscoveryofinfidelity,however,itmaybemitigated

[8]tovoluntarymanslaughter.

Involuntarymanslaughterstemsfromalackofintentiontocause

deathbutinvolvinganintentional,ornegligent,actleadingto

driving-relateddeathistypicallyinvoluntary

atthe"unintentional"elementhererefersto

eecrimesabove

featureanintenttokill,whereasinvoluntarymanslaughteris

"unintentional,"becausethekillerdidnotintendforadeathto

eisapresenceof

intentionitrelatesonlytotheintenttocauseaviolentactwhich

bringsaboutthedeath,butnotanintentiontobringaboutthedeath

itself.[9]



TheModelPenalCodeclassifieshomicidesdifferently,withoutdegrees.

Underit,murderisanykillingcommittedpurposefullyandknowingly,

manslaughterisanykillingcommittedasaresultofrecklessness,and

negligenthomicideisanykillingresultingfromnegligence.[10]

sylvania,

California,andMassachusetts,firstdegreemurderencompasses

premeditatedmurders,seconddegreemurderencompassesaccomplice

liability,

ewYork,first-degreemurderinvolves"specialcircumstances,"suchas

themurderofapoliceofficerorwitnesstoacrime,multiplemurders,

ormurdersinvolvingtorture.[11]Underthissystem,seconddegreemurder

isanyotherpremeditatedmurder.[12]AlsotheewYorkstatutesrecognize

"murderforhire"asfirstdegreemurder.[13]Texasusesasimilarscheme

toewYork,butreferstofirst-degreemurderas"capitalmurder,"aterm

whichtypicallyappliesonlytothosecrimesthatmeritthedeathpenalty.

Somestates,suchasFlorida,donotseparatethetwokindsof

manslaughter.

[edit]Punishmentformurder

[edit]Federal

Offense

Seconddegreemurder

Mandatorysentencing[14]

Imprisonmentforlifeor

anyterm

Seconddegreemurderbyaninmate,evenescaped,

Lifeimprisonment

servingalifesentence

Firstdegreemurder

Deathorlife

imprisonment

[edit]Military

OffenseMandatorysentencing[15]

MurderunderUCMJArticleAnylegalpunishment(otherthandeath)as

118Clause(2)or(3)directedbythecourt-martial

MurderunderUCMJArticle

Deathorlifeimprisonment

118Clause(1)or(4)

[edit]Bystates

Mainarticle:ListofpunishmentsformurderintheUnitedStates

[edit]FetalhomicideintheUnitedStates

Mainarticles:BornaliveruleandFeticide

FetalhomicidelawsintheUnitedStates

"Homicide"or"murder".

Othercrimeagainstfetus.

Dependsonageoffetus.

Assaultingmother.

Underthecommonlaw,anassaultonapregnantwomanresultingina

stillbirthwasnotconsideredmurder;thechildhadtohavebreathedat

leastoncetobeahumanbeing[16]Remedieswerelimitedtocriminal

penaltiesfortheassaultonthemotherandtortactionforlossofthe

anticipatedeconomicservicesofthelostchildand/orforemotionalpain

ewidespreadadoptionoflawsagainstabortion,the

assailantcouldbechargedwiththatoffense,butthepenaltywasoften

onlyafineandafewdaysinjail.

WhentheSupremeCourtgreatlyreducedlawsprohibitingabortionsinRoe

(1973)antthatan

assaultwhichensuredthatthebabyneverbreathedwouldresultinalesser

sstatespassed"fetalhomicide"laws,makingkillingof

anunbornchildmurder;thelawsdifferaboutthestageofdevelopment

everalwell-publicizedcases,

CongresspassedtheUnbornVictimsofViolenceAct,whichspecifically

criminalizesharmingafetus,withthesamepenaltiesasforasimilar

attackuponaperson,

suchattacksfallunderstatelaws;forinstance,ScottPetersonwas

convictedofkillinghisunbornsonaswellashiswifeunderCalifornia's

pre-existingfetalhomicidelaw.

[edit]MurderSentencingGuidelinesinthe

UnitedStates

[edit]Arizona

InArizona,apersonischargedwithmurderwhentheoffenderknowingly

der

tateofArizona,ifoneisfoundguiltyof

murder1,thereisthepossibilityofreceivingthedeathpenalty.[17]

[edit]Florida

InFlorida,apersonisguiltyoffirstdegreemurderwhenitis

perpetratedfromapremeditateddesigntoresultinthedeathofahuman

nisalsoguiltyoffirstdegreemurderiftheycausethe

deathofanyindividualduringthecommissionofapredicatefelony

calledfelonymurder.

Thisoffenseiscategorizedascapitaloffense,ifconvictedtheoffender

couldpossiblyreceivethedeathpenaltyintheStateofFlorida.[18][19]

[edit]Hawaii

InHawaii,apersoncommitsfirstdegreemurderwhenthecrimeinvolves

oneormorespecificelements:











Multiplevictimskilled

Alawenforcementofficer,judge,orprosecutorkilled(in

connectionwiththeirrespectiveduties)

Awitnessinacriminalcasekilled(inconnectionwiththeperson

beingawitness)

Murdercommittedforhire(withthechargeapplyingtoboththe

murdererandthepersonwhopaidthemurderer)

Murdercommittedbyanimprisonedperson

arefoundguilty,the

maximumpenaltyislifeimprisonmentwithoutthepossibilityof

parole.[20][21]

[edit]Louisiana

Louisianastatesthathomicideinthefirstdegreeiskillingofahuman

reotherspecificguidelineslikekillinga

policeofficerorfirefighterisanautomaticfirstdegreechargeor

intenttokillmorethanonepersonisautomaticallyafirstdegreecharge.

IntheStateofLouisianayoucanreceivelifeimprisonmentorthedeath

penalty.[22]

[edit]Michigan

InMichigan,apersonisfoundguiltyoffirstdegreemurderwhenmurder

isperpetratedbymeansofpoison,lyinginwait,oranyotherwillful,

deliberate,iganthetoppenalty

perpetratorcanreceiveislifeimprisonment,thepunishmentcannotbe

cruelandunusual.[23]

[edit]Missouri

InMissouri,"Apersoncommitsthecrimeofmurderinthefirstdegree

ifheknowinglycausesthedeathofanotherpersonafterdeliberationupon

thematter."[24]Murderintheseconddegreeoccurswhen(1)thedefendant

knowinglycausesthedeathofanotherpersonorcausestheirdeath"with

thepurposeofcausingseriousphysicalinjury"or(2)theperpetration,

attemptedperpetration,orimmediateflightfromafelonyresultsina

personbeingkilled.[25]Murderinthefirstdegreeispunishableby

imprisonmentforlifewithouteligibilityforreleaseexceptbyactof

thegovernor,inthe

seconddegreeispunishablebytentothirtyyearsimprisonmentoralife

sentence.[26]

[edit]evada

Inevada,firstdegreemurderistheunlawfulkillingofahumanbeing

withmaliceandaforethought,ial

killerisfoundguiltywithaggravatingcircumstances,forexample

killingsomeonewithtortureorkillingastrangerwithnoapparentmotive,

thentheStatecanseekthedeathpenaltyorasentenceoflifewithout

parole.[27]

[edit]Washington

InthestateofWashington,apersonisfoundguiltyoffirstdegreemurder

whenthereisapremeditatedintenttocausethedeathofanotherperson.

MurderinthefirstdegreeisaclassAfelonyinthestateofWashington.[28]

Ifapersonisconvictedoffirstdegreemurder,theywillnotreceive

anythinglowerthanlifeimprisonment.[29]Theoffendercanpossiblyget

achargeofaggravatedfirstdegreemurderiftheycommitfirstdegree

murderandhaveanaggravatingcircumstance,forexampleiftheykilla

casetheycanreceivethedeathpenalty.[30]