目录
摘要························································I
Abstract·······················································III
引言·························································1
一、搜查权·····················································4
(一)国外有关搜查权的立法与实践····························4
(二)我国搜查权制度的缺陷··································6
(三)建立司法审查制度,确立令状主义························8
二、搜查的条件·················································11
(一)国外有关搜查条件的规定·······························11
(二)我国搜查条件的立法缺失·······························12
(三)明确搜查的实质条件,严格搜查的启动程序···············13
三、有证搜查···················································15
(一)国外关于有证搜查的规定·······························15
(二)我国有证搜查的缺陷···································15
(三)修改搜查证的内容,使其符合特定性要求·················17
四、无证搜查···················································19
(一)国外关于无证搜查的规定·······························19
(二)我国无证搜查的缺陷···································19
(三)增加无证搜查的种类,完善其适用条件···················22
五、搜查的执行·················································25
(一)国外有关执行搜查的立法与实践·························25
(二)我国执行搜查中的缺陷··································27
(三)确定执行搜查的法定时间段,规范搜查方式················29
六、搜查的权利救济·············································33
(一)国外有关搜查的权利救济的规定··························33
(二)我国关于搜查权利救济的缺陷····························33
(三)完善救济制度,充分保障人权····························36
结语·························································38
参考文献·······················································39
致谢·························································41
攻读硕士学位期间发表的学术论文目录·····························42
摘要
搜查是刑事诉讼中一项重要的诉讼行为。长期以来的侦查实践证明了其在
刑事诉讼过程中的重要作用,但是,我国法律中关于搜查的规定却过于粗陋,以
至于在实际运用中非法搜查现象突出,搜查权在侦查实务中极容易被滥用,给无
辜公民的正当权益造成严重损害,从而破坏公民对国家实行法治的信心。随着我
国刑事诉讼模式的转变和刑事诉讼价值理念的调整,以犯罪控制为价值目标取向
的犯罪侦查制度也逐渐向以犯罪控制和保障人权兼顾的价值目标迈进,如何构建
一个既能实现对公民的自由和安全有所保障,又能实现国家犯罪控制的需要的刑
事搜查制度有着极其重要的现实意义。
刑事搜查制度主要包括搜查权、搜查的条件、有证搜查、无证搜查、搜查的
执行、搜查的权利救济这六个方面。
搜查权包括搜查的决定权和搜查的执行权。无论是英美法系,还是大陆法系,
都将搜查的决定权交由中立的第三方来行使,而不是由侦查机关自己决定。而我
国刑事搜查实行的其实是侦查机关的内部审查,缺乏必要的司法审查,权力监督
流于形式。因此,我国应当建立司法审查制度,确立令状主义,以司法权制约搜
查权。同时,在当前的形势下,可以先由检察机关来行使一定的审批搜查证的权
限,对公安机关侦查的案件决定能否搜查,而检察机关自侦的案件,则交由法院
决定能否搜查。但这只能作为一个过渡,最终,搜查的决定权还是应当交由中立
的法官行使。
搜查的条件,就是侦查人员认为应当进行搜查的理由或者根据。设置提请搜
查的条件,一方面是使侦查人员的搜查请求更具合理性,另一方面,也为搜查证
的签发机关作出正确的判断提供了依据。虽然其他国家关于搜查条件的具体规定
各不相同,但都对搜查设定了具体的标准,对提请搜查的条件做了明确细致的规
定。而我国没有一个明确的实质性条件,以致于搜查的启动过于随意,使得侦查
机关有相当大的选择权和决定权,不利于我国法治社会的建立。因此,我国应当
明确搜查的实质条件,严格搜查的启动程序,防止搜查权滥用。
跟大多数国家一样,我国也根据搜查时是否持有搜查证将搜查分为有证搜查
和无证搜查。持有搜查证的搜查即为有证搜查。它作为一种原则,占搜查的大部
I
分。而搜查证对搜查对象的描述是否具有特定性,是决定有证搜查是否合理的因
素之一。跟其他国家相比,我国搜查证对搜查对象的描述缺乏特定性,而对无证
搜查则存在限制过严、条件太过于苛刻的问题,以致于在具体的执行中难度太大。
因此,对于有证搜查,应当修改搜查证的内容,使其符合特定性的要求;而对于
无证搜查,则应当增加其种类,完善其适用条件。
此外,我国执行搜查的时间过于随意,执行方式也不完善。应当通过立法确
定执行搜查的法定时间段,规范搜查方式,还应注意侦查人员在搜查中的保密义
务等等,既要发挥搜查应有的职能,又能最大限度的保障公民应有的权利。
作为一种国家公权力,搜查必然会影响到公民的合法权利,因此,必须给公
民合理的救济。大多数国家都确立了非法证据排除规则等司法救济制度。而我国
在这一问题上却存在着权利救济不完善,缺乏程序上的救济等问题。我国应当从
实体权利和程序上这两个方面来完善我国刑事搜查的救济制度,充分保障人权。
关键词:刑事搜查;公民合法权利;搜查证;惩罚犯罪;保障人权
II
Abstract
rminvestigate
provisionfor
searchinthelawofourcountryissoclumsythatinpracticalapplicationthereare
fsearchiseasilyabusedininvestigatepractice,
whichleadstoseriousdamagetothelegitimateinterestofinnocentcitizensandharm
iththechangeofcriminalactionmode
andadjustmentofitsvalueandideainourcountry,howtoconstructacriminal
investigatesystemtomakesurethesafetyandfreedomofcitizensandrealizethe
needofcriminalcontrolofournationisofimportantpracticalsignificance.
Thesearchisdividedintosixparts:searchright,searchcondition,searchwith
warranty,searchwithoutwarranty,searchimplementandsearchrightremedy.
Searchrightincludingthedecision-makingpowerandtheexecutivepowers.
Chinashouldestablishasystemofjudicialreviewtoestablishthewrit,andtosearch
ametime,inthecurrentcircumstances,it
canbebornebytheprosecutiontowarrantacertaindegreeofapprovalofthe
tely,thedecisiontosearchshouldbeexercisedbyaneutraljudge.
Searchcondition,andthatisthattheinvestigatorsshouldconductasearchoron
visionsaboutsearchinU.S.,Britain,Germanyand
o
actualconditionandinitiationprocessforsearchshouldbespecifiedinordertoavoid
abuseofsearchright.
Therefore,thewaytoimprovethisistochangethecontentofsearchwarrantyto
aseofsearchwithoutwarranty,
sortsofitshouldbeincreasedandapplicableconditionsmustbeperfected.
Thetimeofsearchimplementinournationisnotfixedandthewayof
lsearchtimeshouldbedeterminedandthewayto
III
searchshouldalsobestandardizedbylegislation.
Asapublicright,searchwilldefinitelyinfluencethelegalrightsofcitizens,
rightremedyinourcountry
shouldbeimprovedintwoaspects:substantiverightandprocess.
Keywords:criminalsearchsystem;legalrightsofcitizen;searchwarranty;
punishcrime;assuranceofhumanright
IV
引言
引言
搜查是指侦查人员对犯罪嫌疑人以及其他可能隐藏罪犯或者可作为证据的
人身、物品、住处和其他有关地方进行搜索、检查的一种侦查行为。①它是刑事
诉讼中的一项重要的侦查方法,其直接目的就是收集犯罪证据,查获犯罪嫌疑
人。根据搜查方式的不同,可以分为公开搜查和秘密搜查;根据搜查目标和范
围的不同,则又可分为室内搜查、露天搜查和人身搜查,其中人身搜查既可以
针对犯罪嫌疑人、被告人实行,又可以针对可能隐藏罪犯或犯罪证据的第三人
实行。②
作为一种国家公权力,搜查权的实施一般具有很大的强制性,以直接侵犯相
对人人身自由权、人格尊严权、隐私权和财产权为代价。在各国的侦查实践中,
搜查被广泛采用,法律对此的规定也比较详细、具体。当然,并不是所有国家
的搜查制度都是完全相同的。由于在历史文化、诉讼价值理念等方面的差异,
也会导致各国对搜查制度的具体规定有所不同。具体来说,例如,在我国,搜