法律英语课后习题大全

重点的课文：(1AB2A3B4A5B6B)

Unit1A

commonlawestablished?

Answer:gal

orderwasestablishedasearlyas1066bytheormanconquest,butthe

mtheconquerordidnotabolish

ourtscontinuedtoapply

jurisdictionwasatfirstverylimitedbuteventuallyexpandedtothepoint

isionsoftheroyalcourts

becamethelawcommontothewholekingdom,thecommonlaw.

esthecommonlawtraditionincludeaccordingtothetext?

Answer:accordingtothetext,thecommonlawtraditionincludeslaw

andequity.

ferentisthelegalsystemofLouisianafromtherestofthe

UnitedStates?

Answer:thecommonlawwas"received"inmanycountriessuchas

UnitedStates,buttheLouisianaexcepted,becausewherethecivillaw

wasinplacebeforetheUnitedStatesgainedjurisdiction.

4．Whatdoes“civillaw”mean?

Answer:Theexpression“civillaw”,inLatinjuscivilis,literallymeans

elawofthecityofRome,thelaw

appliedtoacitizen(inLatin,civis)ofRomeasopposedtothelaw

appliedtoanon-citizen.

themaindifferencebetweenthecivillawsystemand

commonlawsystem?

Answer:Firstandforemost,casesareusuallyconsideredtobethe

primarysourceoflawincommonlawcountries,butincivillawcountries,

awjurist

willconsiderthecivilcodeasanallencompassingdocument,butin

commonlawjurisdictionslegislationtendstobeconsideredasan

exceptiontothecaselaw.

fferentattitudesdothecivillawsystemandthecommon

lawsystemholdtowardscaselaw?

Answer:Casesareusuallyconsideredtobetheprimarysourceoflawin

commonlawcountries,butincivillawcountries,casesaresimplynota

sourceoflaw---atleastintheory,butcasesarebecomingmoreandmore

relevantincivillawcountries,buttheattitudesofciviliansandcommon

lawyerstowardlegislationandcasesdiffergreatly.

significantabouttheAmericanlegaleducation?Howislaw

schoolteachingdifferentfromours?

Answer:Americanlegaleducationisveryoriginalandinmanyrespects

ducationtendstobelongerthanothercommonlaw

countries;lawisapostgraduatedegreeintheU.S.

Theteachingstyleismagisterial----theprofessorexposesthelawtohisor

herstudents,whotakenotesanddonotinterveneinclass.

egreeanundergraduatedegreeintheU.S.?Howdopeople

getalawdegreeintheU.S.?

Answer:no,thelawdegreeisamasterdegreeintheU.S.,thestudents

musthaveatleastabachelor'sdegreeinsomeareaofstudy,andthento

studythelawandgetthelawdegree.

comparethelegalmethodemployedintheAmericanlegal

educationandthelegalmethodusedinothercountries?

Answer:Americanlegaleducationisaveryoriginalandinmany

emethodorSocraticmethodispeculiartothis

becleartoyoubynowthatthe"case"methodcouldnot

ecountries(asinthe

caseinEngland)ducationtendsto

chingstyleismagisterial-the

professorexposesthelawtohisorherstudents,whotakenotesanddo

notinterveneinclass.

yanimportantroleindefiningthelawincivillawsystem,

lawprofessorsorjudges?Whataboutthecommonlawsystem?

Answer:lawprofessors,becauseCivillawstudentswillread"law

doctrine""doctrine"isthecumulatedwritingsof

llawthe"doctrine"

e

torememberthattheuniversity,notthecourts,reintroducedthecivillaw

ereforenotsurprisingthatlawprofessors

lawprofessors

generallydonotenjoyasimilarprestigewithintheirownjurisdiction.

Herethejudgesgetmostoftheprestige.

Unit1B

aselawcreated?

Thedecisionsofjudges,orofotherofficialsempoweredbythe

constitutionorlawsofapoliticalentitytohearanddecidecontroversies,

createcaselaw.

seaparticulardecisionmeantothepartiestoalawsuit?

Tothelawyers,judges,andlawstudents?

1)Fromthepointofviewofpartiestoalawsuitorothercontested

controversy,whatmattersistheimmediateoutcome,theresultthe

swethertheaggrievedpartyor

damagedpartywillobtainaremedy.

2)Intheviewofjudges,lawyersandlawstudents,however,thedecision

isionbecomesapossiblesource

ofgeneralapplicablecaselaw.

ingtoProfessorLlwellyn,whatcreatesalegalsystemof

precedent?Whyandwhen?

1)Thosegeneralizationscontainedin,orbuiltupon,pastdecisions

createalegalsystemofprecedent.

2)Becauseasrulesofactionariseoutofthesolutionofparticular

problems,inanyjudicialsystemrulesoflawarisesoonerorlaterout

ofsuchdecisionsofcases,weatherornotsuchformulationsare

desired,intendedorconsciouslyrecognized.

3)Whenthosegeneralizationsaretakenasnormativeforfuturedispute,

alegalsystemofprecedentcreated.

ghthappenifacourtfollowstheprecedents

mechanically?

Acourtthatfollowsprecedentmechanicallyortoostrictlywillattimes

perpetuatelegalrulesandconcepts

theproblemremaininginthelegalsystemrecognizingpast

decisionsasauthoritativesourcesoflawforfuturecases?

Thecontinuingprobleminalegalsystemthatrecognizespast

decisionsasauthoritativesourcesoflawforfuturecasesishowto

maintainanacceptableaccommodationofthecompetingvaluesof

stabilityinalaw,servedbyadherencetoprecedent,andresponsivenessto

socialchange,whichmaycallfortheabandonmentofanoutwornlegal

doctrine.

nthesetwoLatinterms:“staredecisis”and“resjudicata”?

“Staredecisis”ectsthe

effectofafinaldecisionofanappellateasprecedent,orpotential

precedentforfuturecases,anditaddressestheimpactonthelegalnorm

ofconduct.

“resjudicata”ects

theeffectofafinaldecisionofanappellateasanauthoritativesettlement

rwords,it

addressesadecision’simpactintheindividualcase.

ctrinebarsapersonfromeversuingonthesameclaim

again?

Thedoctrine“resjudicata”barsapersonfromeversuingonthesame

claimagain.

sthecaselawprocessinAmericancourtsthushavea

considerablecomparative-lawingredient?

Ajudicialdecisionisaprecedentinthefullsenseonlywithinthesame

r,Americanappellatecourtsfrequentlyciteanddraw

upondecisionsfromotherjurisdictions.

Suchoutstatedecisionsarenotfull-fledgedprecedents,buttheyare

accordedthestatusandweightofpersuasiveauthorityandespeciallyin

caseswherethereisnolocalprecedentorthelocalprecedentsare

conflictingorunclear.

sacourtoflastresortinonestateusuallymakeuseof

outstatedecisions?

Acourtoflastresortinonestatedoesnotconsideritselfboundtofollow

anotherstate’scaselawrules,butitwillcarefullyconsidertheoutstate

decisionsand,ifitfindstheirreasoningpersuasive,makeuseofthemas

sourcesofguidanceandjustification.

explainthedifferencebetweenthebindingprecedents

andpersuasiveprecedents?

Themajordifferencebetweenthebindingprecedentsandpersuasive

precedentsmaybetheauthoritytothecase.

Thebindingprecedentsarefullyauthoritativeandgenerallybinding,but

persuasiveprecedentsjustpersuasiveauthority.

Becauseofthedifferenceindegreeofinfluence,persuasiveprecedents

arenotasauthoritativeandshouldnotbeassignedthesameforceasthe

bindingprecedents.

UIT2A

ndsofcasesdotheinferiorcourtsdealswith?Whatare

someofthelimitsthatareimposedonthem?

Everystatehasitsinferiortrialcourtswithjurisdictionlimitedtocivil

suitsinvolvingrelativelysmallamountsofmoneyandtominorviolations

iljurisdictionofaninferiorcourtisusually

definedintermsoftheamountofmoneyindispute:thejurisdictionofan

“inferior”criminalcourtislikelytobedefinedintermsofthemaximum

jailsentence.

ndsofcasesarethetrialcourtsofgeneraljurisdiction

empoweredtotry？

Ifacivilclaimorcriminalprosecutioninvolvesanamountofmoney,

orapotentialcriminalsentence,beyondthejurisdictionofan“inferior”

trialcourt,itmustbefiledandheardoma“trialcourtofgeneral

jurisdiction.”thatis,acourtempoweredtotryallkindsofcases,without

monetaryorsubjectmatterlimitation.

thefunctionofthe“courtoflastresort”ofeachstate?

Everystatehasits“courtoflastresort，”theappellatecourtatthetop

ofthejudicialhierarchyandtheonewhichdetermineswithfinalitywhat

particularstate’ctionistoreviewthe

actionofthelowerjudicialtribunalsofthestate.

appealstothecourtsoflastresortlimited?Whatdoesthe

“screeningout”functionreferto?

Answer:Becauseavastincreaseinappellatelitigation,particularlyin

themorepopulousstates,ledtohopelesscongestionofthedocketsofthe

statecourtsoflastresort

The“screeningout”functionreferstothatintermediateappellate

courtscouldempowertostrainoutandfinallydisposeofthebulkof

appellatelitigation,sothatthecourtofthelastresortcangiveitsfull

attentiontonovelandsociallyimportantcontroversies.

thesignificanceofthestatutepassedbythefirstCongress

onSeptember24,1789,accordingtotheauthor?

Intheevolutionofthefederaljudicialsystem,thestatutewasa

tuteembodiedthefirstCongress’sdecisionontheissue

whetherthereshouldbefederaltrialcourtsaswellasaSupremeCourtor

whethertheinterpretationandenforcementoffederallawshouldbeleft

entirelytotheexistingstatetrialandappellatecourts,subjecttoreview

bytheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStates.

thenumberofjudgespresidingoverthetrialsinaDistrict

Court?

InaDistrictCourt,trialsarepresidedovernormallybyasinglejudge,

butinafewsituations,chieflycasesinwhichinjunctionsaresoughton

federalconstitutionalgroundsagainsttheenforcementofstateorfederal

statute,three-judgecourtmustbeconvened.

stbethejurisdictionofaDistrictCourtbasedupon?

WhatdoestheworkloadoftheDistrictCourtmakeup?

ThejurisdictionofaDistrictCourtoftheUSmustbebasedeitheron

thecharacterofthecontroversy(forexample,thatitisacase“arising

underthisConstitutionorthelawsoftheUS”)oronthecharacterof

partiestothecontroversy(forexample,thatitisacontroversy“towhich

theUSshallbeaparty”orone“betweencitizensofdifferentStates”).

MostofthecaseswhichmakeuptheworkloadoftheDistrictCourt

arewithinoneoranotherofthreecategories:(1)casestowhichthe

UnitedStatesisaparty,whichincludesbothcivilcasesandall

prosecutionsforviolationoffederalcriminalstatutes;(2)casesinvolving

a“federalquestion,”whichmeansaquestioninvolvingtheinterpretation

oreffectofaprovisionoftheConstitutionorofafederalstatuteor

regulation;and(3)casesinvolving“diversityofcitizenship,”thatis,suits

betweencitizensofdifferentstatesoftheUnitedStates.

ourthasjurisdictionover“diversityofcitizenship”cases,a

federalcourt,orastatecourt?Why?

Generallyspeaking,afederalDistrictCourthasjurisdictionover

suchcases,accordingtoArticleⅡ,Section2oftheConstitutionand

r,existingfederallegislationimposea

furtherlimitationonDistrictCourtjurisdictioninsome“federalquestion”

andall“diversityofcitizenship”case:“thematterincontroversymust

exceed﹩50,000”.That’sbecausetheDistrictCourtwillbeswampedif

verysmallmattersincontroversyareabletobeacceptedbytheDistrict

Court.

e

Court?

AdisappointedlitigantcannotsecureSupremeCourtreviewmerely

mustfirstpersuadetheSupremeCourtthattheissuepresentedbyhiscase

isimportantenough,asissuesofgenerallaw,tojustifySupremeCourt

,almostallthereviewingofjudgmentsoffederal

andstateappellatecourtsaresecuredbyapetitionfor“awritof

certiorari”.

thepolicyunderlyingthediscretionarynatureofthe

SupremeCourtappellatejurisdiction?

Thepolicyis,ifappealtotheSCwereavailableinallcases,theC

wouldbeswampedwithordinaryappealsandunabletogivefulland

deliberateconsiderationtothegreatcasesitmustdecide.

Unit3B

theauthoritytodeterminehowtheconstitutionis

interpretedandappliedtoaparticularcase?Amongthosewho

areentitledtosuchauthority;whichonehasthefinalsay?

TheCourthasthefinalsayonwhattheConstitutionmeansandhowit

appliesinaparticularcase,everycourt,federalandstate,hasthe

responsibilityandtheauthoritytorenderdecisionsonconstitutional

issues,butallofthoseotherdecisionscanultimatelybereviewedby

eCourt.

eConstitutionvestjudicialreviewontheSupremeCourt?

HowtointerpretArticleⅢoftheConstitution?

ThepowerofjudicialreviewisnotgiventotheSupremeCourtinthe

ghArticleⅢstatesthat“Thejudicialpower

oftheUnitedStates,shallbevestedinoneSupremeCourt,andin

suchinferiorcourtsastheCongressmayfromtimetotimeordain

andestablish,”anditextendsthatpowerto“allcases,inLawand

Equity,arisingunderthisConstitution”

the“Supreme”meansonly“highest,”designatingaplaceinthe

hierarchybutnotthecourt’ertohearcases

arisingundertheConstitutionislikewiseagrantofjurisdictiontohear

certainkindsofcases,butnotagrantofauthoritytoexercise

constitutionalreviewinhearingthem.

hcasewasthepowerofjudicialreviewestablished?

MarburyVSMadison

sChiefJusticeMarshallthinkthatthecourthadthe

powertoreviewtheconstitutionalityoflegislation?Whatishis

syllogism?

orecourtsinterpret

theConstitution.

thesupremacyclause?(需要老师解答)

interpretationandmandatemadebytheSupremeCourtaresuperiorto

anyotherjudicialpower.

Unit4A

meofthetypicalformsofpunishmentmentionedinthetext.

DoyouknowanyotherformsofpunishmentusedintheU.S.?

Typicalformsofpunishmentincludedeath,imprisonment,fine,removal

frompublicofficeordisqualificationfromholdingpublicoffice,

probation,andrestitution.

Forexample,jailsentencesandexecution.

ethedifferencesbetweencivillawandcriminallaw?

refourdistinctions

betweencrimesandtorts.

Firstly,acrimeisconsideredtobeawrongagainstallofsociety,

whereasatortisconsideredtobeaprivatematterbetweentheparties

directlyinvolved.

Secondly,thepersonswhoactuallyprosecutethecasediffer.A

speciallydesignatedstateprosecutoroffederalofficialdirectsthe

r,intortactionsthe

individualagainstwhomthewronghasbeencommittedgenerallyhires

anattorneytoprocesstheclaim.

Third,whenonecommitsacrime,punishmentssuchasprobation,jail

sentences,removalfrompublicofficeandevenexecutionarereadily

r,

restitutionreliesprimarilyonmonetarycompensation.

Finally,compensationpaidindividualswhohavesuedothersincivil

courtsiscalleddamages.

civildamagescategorized?Whendotheyapply?

Civildamagesarecategorizedasgeneral,special,andpunitive.

Generaldamagescompensateforanyspecificanddemonstrableharm

ldamagesinvolvecompensationfor

“consciouspainandsuffering.”Punitivedamagesareawardedatthe

discretionofthejury,orasrequiredbystatute,ifitisfoundthatthe

behavioroftheactorwastheresultofanintentionaldisregardforthe

safetyorwell-beingofothers.

4:Whatarethedifferencesbetweensubstantivelawandprocedural

law?

Thetwobroadareasoflawarereadilydistinguishedassubstantive

lawandprocedurallaw.

Substantivecriminallawdefinescrimesandestablishespunishments.

Theselawsarecommonlyfoundinstatutesandordinancesthatare

writtenbylocal,state,alprocedurallaw

outlinestheproceduresthatmustbefollowedduringtheinvestigationof

crimes,intheapprehensionofoffenders,andinthedeterminationofthe

individual’sinnocenceorguilt.

Thus,substantivelawinformsthesocietyastowhatbehavioris

acceptableorunacceptable,whereasprocedurallawdirectsthestateasto

thepropermethodsforapprehensionandadjudication.

5:Whatkindsoflegalrightsthatthepolicemustadvicethesuspect

ofbeforeanyinterrogation?

Thepolicemustadvisethesuspectoftheirlegalrightsbeforeany

galrightsareincluded,therighttoremainsilent,the

thesuspect

maywaivetheserights,awaivermustbeknowinglyandvoluntary.

a?

aestablishesthatcriminaldefendants

havearighttoknowtheirrightsundertheconstitutionpriorto

othis,policeofficersdidnothave

therighttoremainsilent,to

havealawyerpresentduringquestioning,andtohavealawyerprovided

ifyoucannotaffordone.

thecrimesclassified?

Thecrimesareclassifiedintofelonies,misdemeanorsandinfractions.

Thedistinctionbetweenthemcentersontheseriousnessofthecrime

committed,thesubsequentpunishmentallowedbylawand/ortheplace

ofconfinementoftheconvicteddefendant.

Thegroundsfordistinctionoftenvaryconsiderablyfromstatetostate.

However,areviewoftheapplicablestatestatutesrevealsamorecommon

test:thelengthorplaceofpunishmentoftendistinguishesafelonyforma

megenerallypunishablebymorethansixmonths

inprisonisconsideredtobeafelony,whereasacrimerequiring

misdemeanors,ajurytrialisnotguaranteedifaninfractionhasbeen

committed,andthepersoncommittinginfractionsmayneverreceivea

jailsentencesaspunishment.

Andinfractionsareconsideredtobeto“petty”offenses.

feloniesdistinguishedfrommisdemeanors?

Thedistinctionbetweenfeloniesandmisdemeanorsgenerallycenters

ontheseriousnessofthecrimecommitted,thesubsequentpunishment

allowedbylawand/ortheplaceofconfinementoftheconvicted

retwocommonwaystodistinguishthem.

megenerally

punishablebymorethansixmonthsinprisonisconsideredtobeafelony,

whereasacrimerequiringpunishmentoflessthansixmonthsisa

r,itisimportantnottobeconfusedbythelength

mple,assumeajudge

reatest

maximumsentencewasfivemonths,r,ifthe

judgehadthediscretiontosentencetheindividualtosixmonthsormore

imprisonment,afelonyhasbeencommitted.

eofficer

cannotarrestanindividualforamisdemeanorunlessthemisdemeanoris

committedintheofficer’spresence,ormorereasonably,withthe

corroborationbyawitnessorthesigningofacomplaintandtheissuance

eoffenseisafelony,however,thepolice

officemustarresttheindividualifheorshereasonablybelievesthecrime

wascommittedbythatperson,eventhoughthetransgressionwas

committedoutofthepresenceoftheofficer.

iveandintentthesame?Ifnot,whatarethedifferences

betweenthem?

vecompletelydifferentlegalmeanings.

Motiveisdefinedasthe“causeorreasonthatmovesthewillandinduces

action.”,onemaykill

anotherbecauseofhatred,jealousy,factthatone

mayhavethemotivetokillanotherdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatone

harborstheintenttoinjureorkill.

Intentrelatestothestateofmindatthetimeofthecommissionofthe

unlawfulact.

Failuretoestablishthe“why”ofthecrimedoesnotnecessarilymeanthe

r,withtheexceptionofstrictliability

offenses,failuretoestablishanunlawfulintentmustresultinacquittal.

etheelementsestablishingthecriminalliability?

Theelementsarereferredasmensrea,actusreusandcausation.

nthesignificanceofmensrea,actusreusandcausation.

Mensreastandsforthestateofmindatthetimeofthecommissionof

efactthatharmoccursdoesnotnecessarily

ccusedwascriminally

negligentinhisbeliefandbehavior,thelawmayconcludethatthe

unlawfulmensreawaspresent.

Theactusreuselementrelatestothe“doing”,if

apersondoesnothavealegaldutytoactandinfactdoesnotact,then

thatpersoncannotbeheldlegallyaccountablefortheunlawfulactsof

others.

Finally,causationisconsideredtobethelogicalcomingtogetherofthe

mensreaandactusreus,armisnot

thelogicalresultoftheintentionandtheaction,thecausationdoesnot

exist,andthereisnocriminalliability.

Unit5CriminalProcedureB

greewithstatementthat“itisbettertofreeguiltypersons

thantoconvictinnocentones”?

eiftheoffenderwhoismissed,canbeseizedlater,butifa

personwaskilledbymistake,thevictimcouldnotrevived

esthebillsofinformation,theprosecutororthegrandjury?

Howdoesagrandjurydecidewhetherornottoreturna“truebill”?

Afterconductingtypicallyextensivebackgroundinvestigationsin

corroborationwithlocalandevenfederallawenforcement,prosecutors

mayfilewhatarecalledbillofinformation.

Ifamajorityofthegrandjurymembersbelieveacrimehasbeen

committed,thena“truebill”isreturned,andtheaccusedisboundover

fortrial.

esanarrestoccur?Whatdoesitresultfrom?

Anarrestoccurswhenapeaceorpoliceofficertakesasuspectinto

custodyforthepurposesofchargingtheindividualwithacrime.

Thearrestmayresultfromthepoliceofficer’sownperceptionthata

crimehasbeenorisabouttobecommitted.

ctormayeffectthedecisiontoprosecute,accordingtothe

passage?

Thedecisiontoprosecutelargelydependsonthestrengthofstate’scase

stheattitudeofthevictim,thecosttothe

system,harmtothesuspect,adequatealternateprocedureavailable,and

suspect’swillingnesstocooperatewithlawenforcementmayalsoaffect

thedecisiontoprosecute.

ductapreliminaryhearing?

Themagistrateorpreliminaryhearingjuryconductapreliminaryhearing.

Whatmusttheydecideafterthepresentationofthecase?

Theymustdecidewhetherthestatehadprobablecausetoarrestthe

accused.

hearraignmentimportant?

Becauseinthearraignmenttheaccusedplayedarelativelyactiverolethat

s,itisimportantthatthedefendantisagain

informedofcharges,counselisappointed(ifthedefendantisindigent),

andbailisestablished.

thefunctionofvoirdire?Doyouknowthedifference

betweenperemptorychallengeandthechallengeforcause?

mcross-selection

ofpersonsinthecommunityinwhichthetrialistooccurissummonedto

thecourtroom.

Peremptorychallengeallowseithersidetohaveprospectivejurors

excusedwithouthavingtospecifyaparticularreasonandistypically

limitedtosixinnonseriouscasesandtwelveinfelonyorcapitalcases.

Thechallengeforcauseallowsfortheexclusionofajuroronlyifthe

excludingparty(defenseorprosecution)demonstratesthattheindividual

cannotbeimpartialorcannototherwisehandletheresponsibilityof

makingarationaldecisionandnolimitstobethenumberofchallengefor

causethateithersidemayemploy.

the"form"instructionsdesignedtobesimple?

Inordertounderstandyetcompleteenoughtoavoidanypotential

reversibleerrorsonappeal.

uldhappenifamistrialoccurs?

Thedefendantmayberequiredtogothroughtheentireprocessagain,

sincearetrialresultingfromamistrialdoesnotconstitutedouble

ultofrecentSupremeCourtdecisions,somelocal

jurisdictionshavedoneawaywiththeunanimityrequirement;verdictin

whichasfewastwothirdsofthejurorsvotetoconvictoracquitare

consideredtobeconstitutional.

ndsofsentencesmaybeimposediftheaccusedisfound

guilty?

Sentencesmaybesuspension,probation,jailterm,andfine,

disqualificationtoholdpublicofficeorevencapitalpunishment.

UIT6B

esalawyergenerallydobeforeactuallyfilingthe

complaint?

First,discusswiththeclientaboutthefactstoseewhethertheycanbe

provedincourt.

Second,determinewhetherthesefactsstateaclaimundertheapplicable

law.

Third,determineinwhatcourtyouwill"bringyouraction".

nadefendantandhisorherlawyerdoonceacomplaint

hasbeenserved?

Oncethecomplainthasbeenserved,thenextmoveisuptothe

refourcoursesofactionopentoyou.

(1)Donothing,forobviousreasonsthisisnotoftentherecommended

response;

(2)Serve(and/orfileincourt)amotiontodismissforfailuretostatea

claim,sincethemotiontodismiss,ordemurrer,admits,temporarily,the

truthofthefactsallegedbytheplaintiff,itraisesapureissueof

substantivelaw;

(3)Serve(and/orfile)erdeniesall(orsome)ofthe

raisesanissueoffactbetweenthe

parties,notanissueoflaw;

(4)Serve(and/orfile)pleading,you

admitthetruthofthefactsallegedandthatthosefactsstandingalone

wouldwinforplaintiff,butallegenewfactswhichrequireadifferent

result.

ghthappenifthemotiontodismissforfailuretostatea

claimisgranted?Whatifdenied?

Ifitisgranted,usuallytheplaintiffwillbegivenanopportunityto

“replead,”geadditionalfacts,iftheyexist,sufficienttostatea

unabletodoso,otiontodismissis

denied,andthedefendanthas,inadditiontomovingtodismiss,

controvertedtheplaintiffs’allegationsoffact,thecasewillgototrial(or

insomejurisdictionshemayappealimmediately).Ifshedoesnotdispute

thefacts,eproceedsdirectlyto

judgment,onthelaw,whichmaybereviewedonappeal.

nderstandthedifferencesbetweenthetwoterms

"objection"and"exception"usedinthetrialstage?

Inthedirectandcross-examinationstage─thewitnessesoftheplaintiff

arecalledthecounseltestifyandarecross-examinedbythedefendant's

counsel,youmayhave"objection"totheintroductionofevidence,for

example,

court,afterthedefendant'sobjection,letstheevidencein,defendantwill

"except"totherulingandsopreserveherrighttochallengetherulingon

appealifthejuryverdictgoesagainsther.

es“chargetothejury”mean?Whatdoesthejudgedo

duringa“jurycharge”?Whatmayeithersideinthelitigationdo

aboutthe“jurycharge’?

Thejudgegivesherinstructionstothejuryastotheapplicablelawof

tructionstageisoneofthemostimportantforour

immediatepurposes,andyoushouldknowsomethingaboutthese

realities:

Inactualpractice,fewinstructionsareeverdrawnupbythetrial

uallyhappensis

thateachsidedrawsupdraftinstructionsandsubmitsthemtothejudge.

Thejudgethenlooksatthedraftinstructionssubmittedbybothdecides

sideinthelitigation

may:

(1)Except,i.e.,recordobjections,toanyinstructionorpartthereof,

whichhebelievesisanerroneousstatementofthelaw;or

(2)Excepttotherefusalofthejudgetogivehisinstruction.

thedifferencebetween“generalverdict”and“special

verdict”?

Mostofthejuryverdictsaregeneral,astatementofresultinsome

suchformas“We,thejury,findfortheplaintiffinthesumof＄50，

000.”So-called“special”verdicts,bywhichthejuryanswersspecific

questionsoffactsubmittedtoitbythejudge,arebecomingmore

frequent.

vesthejudgetherighttodisregardaverdictofjury?

Werequireasamatteroflawaminimumamountofevidencetosupport

ount,variouslyphrasedas"morethana

scintilla,"orsuchthat"reasonablepersonsmaynotdiffer,"isobviously

tice,however,

mostjudgeswillonlyrarelydisplaceajuryverdict,andwhentheydo,

willordinarilynotgrantjudgmentn.o.v.,butinsteadsetasidetheverdict

andgrantanewtrial.

ndsoferrorscannotthelosingpartyappeal?Whatisthe

generalrule?

Thelosingpartymayalsomoreforanewtrialonanumberofother

groundssuchasanerrorbythejudgeinrulinginevidence,anerrorinthe

instructions,misconductbythejurors,al

ruleisthatalosingpartycannotappealanyerrorsofthetrialcourtwhich

hedidnotcalltothetrialcourt’sattentionbyfilingamotionforanew

trial.

Ifallmotionsafterverdictaredenied,thetrialcourtformallyenters

judgmentisresjudicataofthecontroversybetweenthepartiesunless

noticeofappealisgivenbythelosingpartywithinarequirednumberof

days.

theimportantthingtodobeforeinitiatinganactionin

ordertogetthejudgmentsatisfied,accordingtotheauthor?

Beforeinitiatinganactionitisimportanttoassesswhetherthe

defendanthastheresources,andthecompliance,tosatisfyajudgment.

10．Whatistheappellatecourt’sfocusinitsscrutiny?

Thefocusoftheappellatecourt’sscrutinyisonthecorrectnessofthe

umentsatwhichtheappellatecourtwill

lookinitsreviewincludethetrialcourt.---thepleadings,thetranscriptof

thetestimonyatthetrialoraneditedportion,theexhibitsenteredinto

evidence,thetrialcourt’srulings---andthe“brief’s”ofthecounsel,i.e.,

statements(usuallyprinted)oftheargumentssupportingeachside’s

tionaltestimonyistaken,norisnew

wlibrarieshavemanycopiesofbriefsand

recordsandyoushouldlookatafew.