中国破产法的特点与程序正义

更新时间:2024-11-15 09:39:40 阅读: 评论:0


2022年8月17日发
(作者:公示催告申请书)

CHINA LAW 2011/05 l法律・政治・缝清 

中圜破廑法的特黠舆程序正羲 

王衔圜(中圃政法大睾民商缝渣法犟院院畏、教授) 

前言 

坦率地 ,中园的破虚法在一定程度上是徒西方 

圆家移植而柬的。但是,她遗是具有一些本圆特。 

中国现行的破麈法,即2007年生效的《企柴破麈法》, 

是遇去3O年法律改革的一项重要成果,也是未柬骚展 

的重要起黠。 

琨在,中圆已经成禺世界上最大的经滂髓之一。 

其法律制度和法治不馑舆本圆有网,也舆全球化的世 

界有嗣。所以,我佣中圆的法律工作者和法孥家不馑 

封我们自己的国家负有责任,而且封世界也负有责任。 

在遇去数年襄,我们以巨大的努力将现代法律的 

通行概念引连中园,蓝帮助领尊者和普通民 去理解 

它们。我们要使它们能狗被接受,就必须首先使它们 

能骚挥作用。遣亚不容易,有畴甚至很困鞋,因属中 

囡有著猾特的政治、经滴和文化结槽。我们必须理智 

而耐心。2007年破虚法就是遣檀智慧和坠轫的结晶。 

乍看起柬,2007年破虚法的程序舆西方圆家的程 

序很相似。也斡有人 届它是一佃梭裂品。事寅上, 

遣部法律 不是祓 的结果。它是一倜劁造物。在它 

的制定遇程中充满了孚输、研封和探索。我们不能 

遣是一部最好的法律,但是可以 我们在凿睛的屋史 

僚件下盎到了最大的努力。 

下面我将通遇一些片段柬展示中园2007年破麈法 

的特黠。 

、立法背景 

在中圆悠久的屉史中,在以儒家文化属基磁的法 

律傅统下,既没有破虚的概念,也没有破窿立法。中 

圆的第一部破崖法是1906年清朝政府制定的。由於在 

外因债槿是否虑富侵先於囡内债槎的同题上爆鼗了内 

部孚 ,遣部法律不幸於1908年摩止。191 1年辛亥 

革命以後,北洋政府曾弑固起草破虚法,但未成功。 

直到1935年,南京政府制定了第二部破虚法。遣部法 

律目前在台湾仍然有效。 

1949年,中圆共廑黛在取得大睦地匾的政槿晴 

靡除了所有的现行法律,蓝建立了新的髓制。遣獯髓 

制尊致了一獯信念,即社含主羲企柴不可能破麈。但 

是,1978年阴始的经滂髓制改革打破了遣獯神 。在 

遣一改革中,圆有企棠被改造成自鱼盈扁的猾立法人。 

1986年通遇了一部具有强烈的政府干预彩的《企桨 

破廑法(弑行)》。遣部法律只逋用於园有企柴。1990年, 

立法楼嗣在修 《民事 法》畴增加了一章,使破 

崖程序的逋用筢圉搪大到所有的企棠法人。 

1994年至1997年同,中央政府骚怖了一系列的 

法规,建立了一檀寅耍上禺行政性的圆有企柴破崖程 

序。 

1994年,中圆的立法楼嗣全囡人大组绒了以r建 

立社舍主羲市埸经滴j焉指尊思想的新破麈法的起草 

工作。经遇 鞋曲折的漫畏遇程,新的《企紫破虚法》 

於2006年8月颁怖蓝於2007年6月生效。 

有雨佃因素促成了遣一成功。 

第一佃因素是由集中化的 割经滂转向市埸经漕 

的缝涪髓制改革。舆馑逋用於圜有企柴蓝有深度政府 

干预的1986年破麈法不同,2007年破廑法是按照建 

立市埸经滂的指尊思想制定的。遣部法律的任耪不馑 舍保除金支付情沉的辗告。寅践中,遣檬的方案必须 

是提高工柴化的效率,而且是雉遴一倜有序的金融交 经遇碱工封输(一般是通遇工舍)监得到他们的同意。 

易市埸。 一般地 ,直到今天,政府和法院封企柴破虚的 

第二佃因素是全球性的破麈法改革逗勤。我们在 社舍成本和社含後果都十分网心。破虚程序晕竞只是 

起草新破虚法的期筒,注意到了骚逵圆家改革後的破 一佃小小的r臀院j。它们能做的晕竟有限。司法程序 

麈法,特别是美园破座法第11章,法园1985年重整法, 不能解泱所有的同题。所以,我们需要有虑封挑戟的 

英团1986年破虚法,德团1994年破崖法以及澳大利 综合性 割,在全球金融危横的氟候下尤其如此。 

亚1992年的公司重整立法。其中最重要的连步就是将 

立法重心由r埔墓J蒋向了r臀院j,即由资虚清算蒋 四、破廑管理人 

向了企柴再生。 法院在受理破虚案件畴虑富立即指定管理人监由 

富然,2007年破麈法只是中圆市埸化破虚立法的 管理人接管债磅人的财麈和事耪。在大多敷情沉下, 

一倜起黠。近年柬,一些晕者和寅耪工作者已经提出 搪任管理人臌磅的是由政府相嗣部 和喜柴楼槽组成 

了造一步起草佃人破崖法和跨境破崖程序法的建谶。 的清算组或者律师事耪所、舍 师事耪所、破虚清算 

事耪所等中介横耩。 

二、程序的颓型 

已经出台嗣於横槽和佃人造入破麈 

2007年破崖法是重整程序、和解程序和破虚清算 管理人候送名罩的统一辨法,规定高级人民法院或中 

程序的结合髓。 法提供了由一獯程序蒋餍另一檀程 级人民法院虑编制合格管理人的名罩。遣些候送者可 

序的若干通道。例如,一倜被申莆破虚清算的案件可 以通遇输候、抽簸等随横方式獾得案件。 

以在一定情沉下属了企柴拯救而蒋餍重整或和解。另 在中圆,破廑管理人被看做法律授槎的法定橙耩, 

外,一佃正在造行中的重整程序或者和解程序也可以 在法律规定的筢国内作禹债耪人企柴的代表寅施行焉。 

因禺拯救失败或者其他法定事由而辖焉清算程序,徒 

它既不需要服徒偾 人的股束的意志,也不需要服徒 

而避免拯救措施被滥用。逭檀程序毅 的目的首先是 债榷人的意志。但是,管理人的碱槿是受到债槿人台 

鼓励富事人盎可能地徒整髓上拯救债耪人企柴,其次 

葳和债槽人委具合制衡的。债榷人委具含享有封管理 

是保持一佃通道以便以最低的成本蘸那些姓以属缝的 

人碱槿的日常监督的槿利。债槿人畲谶可以申葡法院 

企柴退出市埸。 

更换不能依法公正孰行碱 或者不能腾任的管理人。 

在中团,司法程序以外的债耪重组也受到鼓励。 

之所以需要破鏖管理人,是因属各方耆事人互不 

在2O世纪90年代,有斡多园有企桨通遇逭檀方式獾 

信任。破虚法大髓上可以被看做债耪人舆债槎人之同 

得拯救。2007年破廑法给法庭外协商解泱或者司法程 

孚闩的舞台。破崖立法的理输假设是人性皆恶——人 

序放勤前的一揽子惋截安排留下了一定的空同。 

们相互敞封蓝且每倜人都弑圆捷足先登以獾取最後的 

一份羹。在寅隙生活中,人们在面封自然炎鞋畴可以 

三、造入程序的鞋易度 齑心协力,届什麽在面封企柴困境逭檬的社畲困攫畴 

在2007年破虚法的立法遇程中,网於破廑程序的 

卸不能同舟共滂?我们能不能改逭程序制度,给人们 

人口周题曾有遇孚输。有些人建谶放宽入口而有些人 提供更大的合作空同?我们是否可以 ,是法律绐人 

具U主张收窄人口。作餍妥协的结果,形成了雨佃入口, 们毅 了彼此孚同的舞台 圳觫他们彼此孚同?或者 

较宽的一佃是现金流檩单,较窄的一佃则是现金流檩 ,是不是因禺我们缌是把人们看做好门之徒因而焉 

辈加资廑负债表檩犟。但是,寅践中最常用的是前一 

他们毅计了遣檬一佃孚闩舞台? 

檀檩辈。 

事寅 明,管理人不是超人。现行的制度似乎引 

社畲利益在虎理企柴破座的法律政策中更受重 

迄了遇多的矛盾和成本。在中团,破麈管理人有睛藤 

祝。法律要求债耪人在申请破廑峙提交的文件中必须 

债榷人感到焦虑,或者蘸偾耪人和债榷人都感到焦虑。 

包括事先凝定的碱工安置方案以及嗣於碱工工资和社 

富然,我们不能磨窠遣佃制度,但是我们可以毅法改 

CHINA LAW 2011/05 1法律・政治-经清 

逛他们的行焉方式。 

五、小债榷人和聩工 

破虚程序中的另一频主要矛盾是债槿人中同的孚 

闩。我们经常兄到的是大债榷人髓舆小债槿人髓之 

同的孚同。我们不能轻易地 小债槿人比大债槿人弱。 

在一些案例中,大债槿人(通常是大银行)馑馑因局它 

们大而被富作 牲品。有睛候遐有另一佃理由,那就是 

小企柴属於地方企棠,而法院受到了地方政府的影窖。 

破麈程序努力在大债槿人和小债槿人之同保持平 

衡。例如 债榷人舍 投票表泱的泱谶,必须满足雨 

佃保件方焉通遇。第一,就参加投票的人敷而言,须 

有出席舍越的有表泱榷的债槿人遇半敷同意。第二, 

就债槎额而言,投赞成票的债槎人所代表的债榷额须 

连到 财廑搪保债槿缌额的二分之一以上。很明颞, 

第一佃僚件是届保遘小债槎人而毅,第二佃绦件是焉 

保蘸大债榷人而毅。 

按照中圆人的傅统智慧,妥协是解决孚 和矛盾 

的最佳途径。在连成妥协畴,互利和共同利益是最有 

靛服力的。如果不能建立互利和共同利益,则社含利 

益虑兹是更好的理由。在虎理破废案件畴,人们舍强 

调社含利益是基本的法律政策。法律弑圃保持不同的 

利益相嗣者之同的利益平衡和妥协,逭些利益相网者 

包括债 人、债槿人和皲工,有畴候退包括股束。 

在遣襄,碱工是另一佃债榷人囤髓。遗佃囤髓被 

属是弱者因而需要在程序中得到救漕。 

就碱工而言,企柴破崖法的一般规定是,法院在 

掌握破虚程序畴必须保 破痊企柴碱工的合法槿益。 

我们可以轻易地到一些筢例柬展示遣檬的原则。第 

,企柴破麈法焉碱工提供了参加程序的楼台。根攘 

破崖法,债槿人含装虑富有碱工代表和工台代表参加。 

在舍上,他们可以就相网同题鼗表意兄。而且。碱工 

虑富有代表造人债槿人委具舍。第二,在重整程序中, 

碱工是重整 割的表泱髓之一,而他们的债槿虑富 

在重整 割中得到充分偿付。第三,在程序遇程中, 

管理人 榷解除势勤合同,除非单佃合同的解除依掳 

了势勤法规或势勤合同的规定。第四,常债耪人企柴 

在破麈程序中被富作一佃经管中的寅髓被赌胃畴,务 

勤合同通常保持不燮。 

六、重整 

重整立法的基本思想是盎可能地拯救困境企柴。 

遣得到了所谓r属理 J的支持。困境企柴好比病属。 

富人们送挥封困境企柴清算畴,那就意味著毅属分肉。 

富人们送挥拯救困境企柴睛,则意味著得到活焉蓝分 

配它的儇值。但是,阎题在於救治病属的成本和拯救 

成功的可能性是不碓定的。解泱遣倜鲢题的辨法就是 

将凰除交给市埸。市埸可以虚生凰险和收益再分配的 

驱勤力,使有的人焉猿取额外回鞭而扮演分散凰除的 

角。在中园,自2007年新破虚法生效以後,已有大 

量的企柴通遇重整安排而獾得拯救。在市埸中,特刖 

是在圆隙市埸中,缌是有一些秃腐在天空翱翔。凡困 

境企柴所在之虞,就有商楼。由於破麈常常 因於财 

耪上的非流勤性,引造新的投资就是出路。 

所以,2007年破麈法更倾向於局包括戟略投资者 

在内的富事人提供一佃自己到解泱方案的平台。企 

柴再建徒很大程度上 是一佃市埸解泱方案而不是法 

律解泱方案。越是信赖市埸的法律越是值得信 。同 

檬地,越是尊重市埸的法官越是值得尊重。 

法律在拯救病焉中需要做的事情,第一是提供 

秩序,第二是提供楼合。在提供秩序方面,法律首先 

要探取资麈保蓑措施以防止 序的孚鸯。在提供楼台 

方面,拾救病焉的嗣键是保持企柴的管逢俱值,所以 

2007年破窿法探用了自勤停止和缝绩瞀柴授榷的概 

念。 

中园有保留地揉用了『估有中的债 人(DIP) 

概念。根摭2007年破虚法,在重整期同,债 人只有 

缝遇法院批准才能自行管理其财虚和事 ,而且遣锺 

自行管理必须置於管理人的监督之下。遣舆美圆法上 

的DIP概念有颡著的不同。另一方面,如果债谤人没 

横,部分地蹄因於20世纪90年代圆内贷款借逯的混 

有獾得自行管理的批准,则管理人虑缝绩控制资崖蓝 乱状憋。在富畴,破麈成魇圆有企柴和地方政府上演 

可以聘用债 人公司的管理人具负责日常事耪。遗是 的一埸r幸福的进戡 。r逃债J意味著向银行耱嫁凰 

一佃例子,表明中圆的立法者弑圃遵循傅统的r中庸 

除和损失监且向公 索取钱财。曾经有一佃很大的案 

之道 ,即站在雨佃相反的梗端之同。也就是 ,封 件,一佃地方政府安排一家大型集囤公司在一佃月之 

意元人民帑的资廑剥雄给富地的其他企 

待偾耪人的管理眉, 输是不信任逯是轻信,都不是 

内将儇值20多{

正碓的憋度;我们虑 到一佃辨法,在有管理人参 柴,然後向地方法院申莆破虚。富畴圆有企柴流行的 

舆的情沉下,既利用他们的畏虚,又避免他们的短虎, 

以求在整赢哲孥的基磁上建立合作。 

在我们的心目中,重整 割不馑馑是一獯结果或 

成果,而是一佃行勤造程。我们把它看做是在债搿人、 

债槿人和戟略投资者之同协商和妥协的遇程。遗檀迥 

程必须坚持公平正羲的辈则。法官不是被假定属有能 

力碓定商柴上的利害得失,而是被假定禺能狗碓定法 

律上的是非曲直,特别是正富程序意羲上的是非曲直。 

有序的程序才是真正有效的程序。公平终究虚生效率。 

造就是我们在利害网保人含畿通遇重整 割和法院批 

准重整 割同题上制定了大量程序规定的原因所在。 

我园破崖法也探用了r强行批准 规则,使法院 

能麴在特殊情沉下不颇佃刖债}藿人组的反封而批准合 

理的重整 割。自治是佃好束西,但基於遇分自私的 

企求的绝封自治郁意味著 序状憋。至少在程序正羲 

的意羲上,自由和意思自治需要舆社舍利益和公共秩 

序相平衡。逭是中园破廑立法的另一倜理输基磁。 

任何一獯法律槎利都很容易被滥用,程序榷利尤 

其如此,逭似乎是一佃普遍现象。遍大概要蹄因於人 

性的弱黠。人频行焉是建立在封利害预期的基磁上的。 

如果一佃人想要以不正富的方式獾得利益,法律就舍 

封不法行禺人强加一檀不利後果。例如,餍了避免重 

整程序的滥用,2007年破麈法规定,如果重整 割草 

案不能在规定睛蠲内(最畏9佃月)提交,或者有 

撩澄明债耪人已 挽救希望,或者债 人有欺祚行禺, 

法院虑富将程序蒋禹破崖清算。由遣一规则得出的教 

训是,如果一倜人想要以不正富方式獾取非分利益, 

他将失去他本柬有槿得到的更多利益。徒某獯意羲上 

藐,不利後果是一佃好束西,它可以禺立法者所利用。 

七、债榷人保攘 

徒2000年起,中圆破座立法蒋向强 偾槎人保 

蘸,遣部分地蹄因於1997年至1998年的亚洲金融危 

口虢是r大船搁浅,舢板逃生 。遣一凰潮的结果不馑 

是商柴银行的钷额不良资崖,而且是人人都想靠欺骗 

手段一夜暴富的市埸文化。在欧洲的雁史上,破廑曾 

经被 禺是一獯欺诈。在中圆屣史上, 债拒遗被祝 

禹犯罪。所以,基於程序正羲,我们绝不能槽建一佃 

逃债者的桀圜。徙逭佃意羲上 ,保装债槿人不馑是 

一佃利益平衡同题,而且是一佃文化培育同题。 

有鐾於此,我们努力释放出遣檬的信息:破廑 

法致力於强化债榷人保凌和市埸规制。首先, 法规 

定了债槿人的可以由佃人行使或者通遇债榷人舍螽或 

债榷人委具含行使的旨在保蓑他们的利益的一系列槿 

利。同睛, 法给债耪人规定了相虑的羲 和制裁, 

特别是封 程序期嗣的退是程序明始前的欺 行焉 

的制裁。其次,兹法授槿管理人依摭公平保遘债榷人 

的使命去接管和虞理债耪人的财虚和事 。最後,法 

律要求法院保持程序的透明度蓝坚持公平封待所有的 

债槿人。 

八、跨境破廑 

在新破廑法起草期筒,起草小组曾缝合兄聊合圆 

圆隙贸易法委具含秘音畏 连成一佃共裁,即中园可 

以有限制地探用 委虽舍1997年《跨境破廑示筢法》 

的普及主羲原则。遣佃原则现在已缝宿造了中圆的新 

破崖法,但是退缺乏一佃辅助程序。 

在逭檀情况下,债耪人的境内财虚只能在中 

园民事 法的民事诉 和民事孰行框架下獾得强制 

孰行。遣檬,中囡境内的债槿人只能向法院申鞭 

债槎。遣 给管理人遗是给境内债榷人都带柬 

了昂贵的成本,而且很鞋避免封债耪人境内资虚的佃 

别追索。佳管封逭程状沉的不满目前遗不是很强烈, 

我们觉得遐是虑 完成遣项在全球化背景下嗣乎程序 

正羲的任耪。人们期待著在不久的将柬制定出一部跨 

境破麈的法律。圊 

CHINA LAW 2011/05 【Law・Politics・Economy 

Features of PRC Insolvency Law and 

Proced u ral J ustice 

By Wang Weiguo(professor of the China University of Political Science and Law) 

Foreword 

F rankly speaking.Chinese insolvency Iaw is 

transplanted fr0m the Western world to some extent. 

However,it bears some features of the nation anyway, 

UP to now,Chinese insolvecy law is still developing. 

The present insolvency legislation,the 2007 Enterprise 

Bankruptcy Law,is an important result of the legal refcIrm in 

the past 30 years and an important start-point for the future 

development as wel1. 

Now China has become one of the biggest economies 

in the world.Its legaI system and rule of Iaw is not only 

related to the country itself。but also to the globalized world. 

Therefore ou r Chinese lawyers and iurists are not only 

responsible to our own country,but also responsible to the 

world. 

In the past years.we made a great effort to introduce 

the common notions of the modern Iaw into China and to 

persuade the leadership and ordinary people to understand 

them.I n order to make them acceptable.we should at 

first make them workable.1t is not easy.sometimes very 

hard,because China has unique political,economic and 

culturaI structures.We must be wise and patient,The 2007 

insolvency Iaw is a crystaI of the wisdom and patience. 

At a glance,the procedure of Chinese 2007 Law 

is similar with the Western ones.Maybe someone see 

it as a copy.In fact the legislation is far frOm a work of 

reproduction.It is really a creation.The process of the Iaw- 

making was full of debating,research and exploring.We 

cannot say it is the best law.but it is safe to say that we did 

the bast under the historicaI conditions of the time. 

Now 1 will show you some fragments to display the 

feature of Chinese 2007 Iaw. 

1.Background 

In the long history China had neither concept of 

bankruptcy nor insolvency legislation under the traditional 

legal culture based on Confucianism.The first bankruptcy 

law was enacted in 1 906 by Qing Dynasty as one of the 

results of Chinese legal modernization.It was tragically 

abolished jn 1 908 because of the jnternal debate on 

1O0 

whether the foreign claims should keep the priority over 

the domestic ones.After the 1 91 1 Revolution the Belling 

government tried to draft a new bankruptcy law but falied. 

Jn 1 935 the Nanjing government enacted the second 

bankruptcy Iaw which remains effective in Taiwan today. 

In 1 949 the Communist Pa annulled alI the existing 

Iaws when taking over the Mainland and established a new 

regime which Ied to a belief that the socialist enterprises 

COUld not become bankrupt.Such a myth was broken 

after the economic reform since 1 978 when state.owned 

enterprises(SOEs)were transformed to assume sole 

responsibiIity for their own profits and Iosses.1n 1 986 

the Enterprise Bankruptcy Law was adopted for triaI 

implementation.1t was merely applicable to SOEs.with the 

character of deep involvement of government intervene. 

1n 1 990 the Iegislature added a new chapter in the revised 

CiviI Procedure Law to expand the application of bankruptcy 

proceeding to alI sorts of non—SOE enterprises. 

During 1 994.97 the centraI government issued a 

series of regulations to set up a substantially administrative 

procedure for SOE bankruptcy. 

In 1 994 the Natjona J Peop Je’s Cong ress.the 

legislature of China,organized a drafting work for a new 

bankruptcy law with the guideline of“establishing socialist 

market economy”.After a long time process that was full Of 

d culties and reverses the new Enterprise Bankruptcy Law 

was promulgated in August 2006 and became effective in 

June 2007. 

The re a re two facto rs that contribute to the 

achievement. 

The ifrst factor is economic reform fr0m the centralized 

planned economy to market.oriented economy.Compared 

with the 1 986 Iaw that was applicable to only state.owned 

enterprises with deep intervention of the government,the 

2007 Law is established under the guideline to promote 

market economy.The mission of the Law is not only to 

improve the efficiency of industriaIization.but also to 

maintain an orderly market for credit transactions. 

The second factor is the globalized movement of 

bankruptcy law reform.When drafting the new law we paid 

attention to the reformed insolvency laws in the developed 

after all small hospitals.What they can do is limited.Judicial 

procedure cannot deal with everything.Therefore we need 

a comprehensive program to cope with the challenges, 

especially in the climate of global financial crisis. 

4.Insolvency administrator 

When a case is accepted by the court an administrator 

countries.especially the US Chapter 1 1.1 985 Iaw of 

France。1 986 Law of UK.1 994 law of Germany as welI 

as 1 992 law of Australia.The most remarkable progress 

is that the legislative foCUS has turned fr0m“grave”to 

“hospital”,that js to sa fr0m assets Iiquidation to business 

rehabilitation. 

Indeed the 2007 Law is iusl a start.pcint for the shalI be appointed and shalI take over the assets and 

market.oriented;nsolvency Iegislation in mainland China. 

In recent yea rs some scholars and Dractiti0ners have 

proposed further drafting works for laws on individuaI 

bankruptcy and procedure for cross-border insolvency. 

2.Types of proceedings 

The 2007 Law is a combination of proceedings of 

re0rganizatiOn,composition and bankruptcy liquidation. 

There are some channels to transfer a case frOm one 

proceeding to another.For instance.a case f¨ed for 

liquidation may convert to reorganization or composition in 

certain circumstances for the purpose of cerporate rescue, 

which the Iaw-maker has always paid attention to.On the 

other hand,an ongoing proceeding of re0rganizati0n or 

composition may be terminated and convert to liquidation 

by reason of failure or other speciifed situations,so as to 

avoid the abuse of rescue measures.The purpose of this 

design is at first to encourage parties to try the best to 

rescue the debtor company in the whole way and secondly 

to keep the path at the end to unload the burdensome 

entities at the Iowest cost. 

1nformaI restructuring is encouraged;n China.1n 

1 990s a number of S0Es are rescued in this way.The 

2007 Iaw Ieave some rooms for out-of-court workout or pre— 

package arrangement. 

3.Ease of entry 

During the Iegislative process for the 2007 law.there 

was a debate concerning the entrance of insolvency 

proceedings.Some people suggested open the door and 

some preferred to keep it narorw.As a result of compromise 

there exist two doors,the wider one is cash fiow test and 

the narrower one is cash flow test plus balance sheet test. 

However,in practice the wider one is most commonly sued. 

Socialjnterest is underlined in the legaI pcIicy on 

deaIing with insolvency business.It is requi red that 

when a debtor files a petition.it shalI submit.among 

other documents.a pre-arranged plan for settlement of 

employees as well as a statement on payment of wages 

and socialinsurance premiums.In practice such a plan 

shall be discussed with the employees.usually via labor 

union,and agreed by them. 

Generally,up to now the government and court are 

stil1 worry aboul lhe social COSl and social consequence 

of enterprise bankruptcy.The bankruptcy proceedings are 

business of the debtor immediately.In most of the 

occasions the post of administrator may be assumed by a 

liquidation group comprised of the department concerned 

and institutions or by such a sociaIintermediary agency as 

law firm.accounting firm or bankruptcy liquidation firm. 

The Supreme People’s Court has estabIished a 

unifOrm policy in admitting agencies and persons on a 

nominee list for future appointments.providing that a higher 

court or intermediate court shalI keep a fist of qualified 

administrators.The firmS on the list may get a case by 

queuing,draw or other random ways. 

1nsolvency administrator in China is deemed as 

a statutory body authorized by the Law.acting ln form 

Of reDresentatiOn of the debtor enterprise within the 

legal authOrizali0n.It must not obey the will of either 

shareholders of the debtor or the creditors.However。the 

function of administrator is checked and balanced by the 

creditors’meeting and creditors’commitee.The creditors’ 

committee is empowered to keep day—to—day supewision 

on administrator’s function.The creditors’meeting may 

apply with the court to dismiss and replace an administrator 

who is deemed failing to perform its functions lawfully or 

competently. 

The reason for insolvency administration is that 

every one does not trust each other.The bankruptcy law 

is basically a battleground of debtor versus creditors.The 

presumption of the law.making is that the human nature 

is eviI—people hate each other and eye.body tries to 

lead up to get the last assets.In reaIlife people may hold 

together jn the face of natural disaster.Why people cannot 

cooperate to search their common interests in the face 

of such a social trouble as business distress?Could we 

improve the procedure to provide a larger room for people 

to work together?Can we say it is the law that designs a 

battleground for the people and train them to fight each 

other?Or the law designs a battleground for the people 

because we always esteem f}lem as fighters? 

It has proved that the administrators are not super 

persons.1t seems that regime has introduced more 

contradictions and some more costs.1n China insolvency 

administrator is sometimes a headache of creditors。or 

of both the dobtor and the creditors.I understand that we 

acnnot abolish the regime.but we may lry to jmprove their 

manner of behavior. 

101 

CHINA LAw 2011/05  ILaw・Politics・Economy 

5.SmalI creditors and employees 

Another major contradiction in bankruptcy procedure 

is the fighting among the creditors.At first we can often 

see the battle between small group of big creditors and the 

large group of small creditors.We could not blindly say that 

the smalI merchants/creditors are weaker than the big ones. 

There are some cases that the big creditors,usually banks, 

were treated as sacrifices only by reason that they are big. 

Sometimes the other reason is that the smalI creditors are 

Iocal entities and the courts are influenced by the Iocal 

government. 

The bankruptcy procedure tries to keep baIance 

between the big creditors and smalI ones.For example. 

when voting a resolution of the creditors’meeting,two 

conditions must be met.First,as for number of participants, 

it is voted for bv more than half of the creditors that attend 

the meeting and have the right to vote.Second.as for 

amount of claims.the vote.for creditors represent half or 

more of the totaI sum of the unsecured claims.It is clear 

that the first condition is set for the needs of smalI creditors 

and the second one is for the big ones. 

1n Chinese traditiona1 wisdom.compromise ls the best 

way to solve the dispute or contradictions.When reaching 

a compromise mutual benefit and common Interests are 

the most persuasive.1f the mutuaI benefit and common 

interest cannot be established.the socialinterest should be 

a better reason.In dealing with insolvency cases the sociaI 

interest is underlined as a fundamentaI legal policy.The Iaw 

attempts to keep balance and compromise of the Interests 

of diferent stakeholders,including the debtor,creditors, 

employees and sometimes investors. 

Here.employees a re anothe r grouP of credito rs 

that are deemed weak and need to be redressed in the 

proceedings. 

So far as employees are concerned.it is a generaI 

P rovIsion in the EBL that in handIing bankruptcy 

proceedings the COU rt shall safeguard the legitimate 

rights and interests of the employees in the insolvent 

enterprises.We can easily find some iIlustrations to show 

such a principle.First,the Law provides opportunity for 

employees to attend the proceeding.According to the Law, 

creditors’meeting shal lbe attended by re0resentatIves 

of the employees as well as the labor union.who may 

therefore air their opinions on the relevant issues.Further. 

the employees shall have a representative in the creditors 

committee.Second,in the proceeding of reOrganizatIOn, 

employees’shall be one of the voting groups and their 

claims shalI be fuIly paid in the reorganization plan.Third. 

during the proceedings the administrator has no power 

to terminate employment contracts unless a termination 

of individuaI contract is iustified in accOrdanCe with the 

Iabor laws。regulations or the contractitself.Forth,when 

a debtor’s business is purchased within the context of a 

]02 

going—concern sale during 

nsolvency proceedings the 

employment contracts usually 

remain unchanged. 

6.Reorganization 

The basic idea of the legisIation is to save the 

distressed business as far as possible.This is supported 

by so-called“horse theory”.A distressed enterprise is 

assimilated to a sick horse.When people choose to 

liquidate a distress business.it means to kilI the horse 

and allocate the meat.When people choose to save it.it 

means to get a Iive horse and allocate the value of the Iive 

one that is much more valuable than the meat.However. 

the problem is that the costs for saving the horse and the 

possibility of SUCCESS are uncertain.The solution to breach 

the puzzle is to leave the risk to market.Market may 

create some force to re—arrange the risk and profit。and 

drive someone to play the role to spread around the risk In 

return of the extra profit.In China.after 2007 when the new 

insotvency law became effective.a number of companies 

are rescued through arrangement of recaDitalizatiOn.1n the 

market,especially the globalized market,there are always 

vultures flying in the sky.Wherever is a business distress. 

there is a business opportunity.Sine insolvency is usually 

due to financiaIIIliquidity.introduction of new investment is 

thewayout. 

Therefore the 2007 Law prefers to provide a platform 

f0r parties.with strategic lnvestors included.to find the 

solution themselves.Business rehabilitation is to a Iarge 

extent a matter of market solution rather than IegaI solution. 

The Iaw that rely more on the market is more reliable. 

Likewise,the iudge who respects the market is more 

respectable. 

What the Iaw should do for rescuing distressed horse 

is,first。to provide order,and second。to provide chance. 

To provide order,the law should at first take measures to 

protect assets against the disorderly scrimmage.To provide 

chance,the key to save the sick horse is to maintain the 

going concern value so that the 2007 Law adopts the 

notions of automatic stay and authorization of business 

cOntinualjOn. 

The concepl of“debto r In possession”(DIP)is 

accepted in China with some limitation.According to 2007 

Law,in the period of reorganization,the debtor may not 

manage its assets and business by itself unless it obtains 

approval frOm the court.and the self-management shalI 

be under the supervision of the administrator.This is 

quite different frOm the DIP concept In US law.On the 

other hand.if the debtor has not obtained the approval 

to self-management,the administrator shalI continue to 

controI the assets but it may employ the managers of the 

debtor company to take care of the day.to.dav business 

affairs.This is an examDle tO shOw lhat the Chinese law— 

maker tries tO f0IlOw lhe traditiOnaI“a0Iden mean”,tO keep 

standing in the middle way between two opposite extremes. 

That is to say,in dealing with the matter of debtor’s 

became a“happy game”played by the state—owned 

enterprises and local governments。“Escape fr0m the debts” 

means shift the risk and losses to the banking industry 

management,either distrust or credulity is not right attitude; 

we should find an arrangement by using their strongpoint 

and avoiding their shortcoming with the participation of 

administrator.sO as to establish cooperation under the win— 

win philosophy. 

1n our mind feOrqanizatiOn plan is not merely a result 

or achievement,but rather a procedure.We take it as a 

and get money frOm the public.There was a big case 

that a Iocal government arranged a large group company 

peeled off more than 2 billion RMB of assets to other locaI 

companies in one month and then file a bankruptcy case 

at the IoceI court.It was a catchword among the SOEs that 

“when the ship runs aground.we flee by boats.’’The result 

process of negotiation and compromise among the debtor, 

diferent creditors and strategic investors.This process 

should keep to the guideline of fairness and justice.Judges 

are not supposed to be able to determine advantages and 

disadvantages commercially,but they are supposed to 

determine right and wrong legally,especially in the sense 

of due process.An orderly procedure is always a really 

effective procedure.Justice creates efficiency after alI. 

That is the reason why we make a number of provisions 

on the process of approval of the plan by the stakeholders’ 

meetings and the process of confirmation of the plan by the 

COUrt. 

The 0aw also adopts the“cram-down”rule to enable 

the court to confirm a reasonable plan under the speciifed 

conditions in spite of the disagreement of individual group of 

creditors.Autonomy is a good thing,but absolute autonomy 

based on over-selfish purpose implies out-of-order.At Ieast 

in terms of proceduraliustice,freedom or autonomy of will 

need to be balanced by sociaIinterest and public order. 

This is another theoreticaI basis of Chinese insolvency 

legislation. 

It seems a general phenomenon that every legal right, 

especially procedural right,tends to be abused by any 

of the parties.Perhaps this is due to the shortcoming of 

human nature.The behavior of human being js based on 

the expectation of advantage and disadvantage.1f someone 

wants to take advantage by unjust way,the law may 

provide a disadvantage as the consequence to the wrong. 

For instance,in order to avoid abuse of re0rganizati0n 

proceeding.the 2007 Law provides that if the draft plan 

cannot be submited within the speciifed time(9 months at 

most).or it is evident that the debtor proves hopeless to be 

saved,or the debtor has any fraudulent conduct,the court 

shall turn the proceeding into bankruptcy liquidation.The 

lesson fr0m this rule is that.if one wants to get too much in 

bad way.he shalllose more of that he should have entitled. 

In a sense it is safe to say that disadvantage is a good thing 

that may be taken advantage by Iaw・makers. 

7.Protection of creditors 

The insolvency legislation turned to stress on the 

protection of creditors since 2000,partly due to the Asian 

ifnancial crisis in 1 997-98,partly due the domestic disorder 

of loan performance in 1 990s.At that time,bankruptcy 

of this trend is not only the large amount of bad loans in 

the commercial banks,but the culture of the market that 

everybody wants lo make a pile in one night by fraudulent 

way.In the European history bankruptcy was taken as a 

fraud.1n Chinese history repudiation of a debt was deemed 

as crime.Therefore,when talking about procedural justice, 

we should not build up a faiyrland for debt—escapees.In 

such a sense,protection of creditors comes down to not 

only balance of interests.but also culturaI cultivation. 

Bearing that in mind.we made great efforts to 

release clear information:the Iaw intends to strengthen the 

protection of creditors and discipline the market.At first,the 

Law provides the creditors a number of rights that can be 

exercised individually or though the meeting or commitee 

to protect their own interests.In the meantime.the Law 

imposed the c0rresp0nding duties and sanctions on the 

debtor,especially the sanctions against the frauduIent 

conduct,either during or prior to the proceedings.Secondly, 

the Law empowers the administrator to take over and 

take care of the assets and business under the mission of 

fair protection of creditors.Third.the court is required to 

keep the transparence of the procedure and maintain the 

equitable treatment to alI the creditors. 

8.Cross-border insolvency 

During the drafting process of the new bankruptcy Law 

the drafter had a meeting with the U NCITRAL secretariat 

and made a consensus that China would adopts the 

principle of universalism introduced by the 1 997 UNClTRAL 

Model Law with some limitation.This principle is shown in 

the new Iaw but an ancUlary procedure is stilI absent. 

Under such circumstances a foreign debtor’s domestic 

assets can only be enforced under the framework of civil 

litigation and civiI execution in the PRC Civil Procedure Law, 

and consequently,the domestic creditors can only file their 

claims at the foreign court.This seems costly to either the 

foreign administrators or the domestic creditors and very 

hard to avoid any individuaI recourse to the Iocal assets 

of the debtor.Even though lhe complaint against such a 

situation seems not strong at the moment.we feeIindebted 

to complete the task as a matter of procedural iustice under 

the globalized environment.It expected that a Iaw on cross- 

border insolvency w川be enacted in the coming future.1辔『 

103 


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