FIDIC及涉外建筑工程分包合同的法律适用
ApplicableLawunderFIDICandGoverningSubcontractforForeign
ConstructionEngineeringProject
案例:中国某海外工程公司承包了波兰的某大型建筑项目,承包商与分包商均
为中国的建筑商,它们之间签订了该工程的分包合同,该工程在波兰如期开始
施工,但该项目仅进行了一年多时间,因各种原因波兰方面就提出解除合同,并
索取巨额的赔偿。由于该纠纷涉及到承包商与分包商之间的违约问题,在诉讼
中承包商与分包商的一方认为应适用不动产所在地波兰法律,另一方认为由于
双方均为中国建筑商,理应适用中国法律,这就产生了涉外建筑工程分包合同
的多国法律冲突与适用问题。
Case:AconstructionengineeringcompanyofChina(the“Contractor”),
hascontractedalarge-scaleconstructionprojectinPolandand
subcontractedtheprojecttoaSubcontractor,whichisalsoaChinese
builder,uctionofthe
projectcommencedasscheduledandproceededforonlyoveroneyear
beforethePolandpartyproposedterminationofthesubcontractfor
im
involvesadisputeoverbreachofcontractbetweentheContractorand
itigationprocess,onepartytheretoclaimed
thatthelawsofPolandshallgovernbyreasonthattherealestateof
theprojectislocatedinPoland;whiletheotherpartytheretoclaimed
thatthelawsofChinashallgovernbyreasonthatbothpartiestothe
vesrisetoamatteronconflict
oflawsofvariouscountriesandthegoverninglawsinrespectofa
subcontractofforeignconstructionengineeringproject.
I.涉外建设工程分包合同的法律主体
LegalEntitiesofSubcontractofForeignConstructionEngineering
Project
在国际工程承包领域,由于项目工程大,总承包商往往会将工程的某些部分或
总工程量的一定比例分派给一些符合资质条件的分包商完成。而在分包过程中
若出现分包合同不能正常履行而导致分包商违约或因分包商的责任导致总承包
商的额外损失的情况下,就会产生业主、总承包商与分包商三者之间的法律关
系。
Inthepracticeofcontractforinternationalengineeringprojects,
generalcontractorsoflarge-scaleprojectsgenerallyassigncertain
part(s)oftheprojects(ormakeassignmentofthetotalprojectquantity
bycertainproportion)tosubcontractorswithcorresponding
ofbreachofcontractbythesubcontractorsdue
tofailureofproperperformanceofcorrespondingsubcontractsorincase
ofanyextralossessustainedbythegeneralcontractorsforreasons
attributedtothesubcontracts,legalrelationsamongtheprojectowners,
generalcontractorsandsubcontractorscomeintoexistence.
FIDIC是国际咨询工程师联合会的简称,其制定的许多规范性文件广泛应用于
国际工程承包项目。《FIDIC土木工程施工合同》的合同条件中规定分包可以
由业主和承包商在签订合同时指定好,或由工程师指令承包商雇用分包商承担
部分工作。对于指定分包商(ominatedSubcontractor),FIDIC合同条件规
定若产生若承包商反对雇用指定分包商,而业主却坚持使用分包商的情况下,
承包商对于分包商出现的问题不需要向业主承担责任。但这与我国关于业主、
总承包商与分包商的规定是相冲突的,我国《建设工程施工合同(示范文本)》
38.3条有对分包的原则性规定:“工程分包不能解除承包人任何责任与义务。
承包人应在分包场地派驻相应管理人员,保证本合同的履行。分包单位的任何
违约行为或疏忽导致工程损害或给发包人造成其他损失,承包人承担连带责
任。”由此可以看出,我国相关规定要求承包商对因分包商造成的损失也应承
担相应连带责任。这样一来,我国涉外建设工程承包合同的法律关系更加复杂
化,一个国际建设工程承包关系会涉及多个承包商与分包商,它们往往位于不
同的国家,在适用法律问题上就会牵涉到管辖权的冲突。
Theacronym“FIDIC”standsfortheInternationalFederationof
itsregulatorydocumentsapplyextensively
IDICConditions
ofContractforWorksofCivilEngineeringConstruction,theownerand
thecontractorunderacontractforworksofcivilengineering
constructionmaystipulatemattersonsubcontractuponenteringintothe
contract,orthecontractormay,undertheengineer’sinstructions,
thenominatedsubcontractor,underFIDICConditionsofContract,ifthe
contractorrefusedtoemployanominatedsubcontractorandtheowner
insistedonemployingasubcontractor,thecontractorshallnotbeheld
provisionsareinconflictwithprovisionsofChinaontherelations
amongtheowners,ingto
provisionsofsubcontractingprincipleunderArticle38.3oftheSample
ofPRC'sConstructionEngineeringContract,“projectsubcontracting
shallnotreleaseacontractorfromanyliabilityorobligationunder
aconstructionengineeringcontract;thecontractorshalldispatch
relevantmanagementpersonneltostationonthesiteofsubcontracting
toensureperformanceofthecontract;thecontractorshallbejointly
andseverallyliableforanydamagestotheprojectorotherlossesto
thecontract-offeringpartycausedbyanybreachornegligenceof
subcontractors”,thecontractorshallbejointlyandseverallyliable
nflictoflawsmakeslegal
relationsunderforeignconstructionengineeringcontractsmore
rnationalconstructionengineeringcontractmay
involvemanycontractorsandsubcontractorsfromdifferentcountries,
givingrisetoconflictofgoverninglaws.
II.我国涉外建设工程分包合同关系的法律适用
LawsGoverningRelationsunderaForeignConstructionEngineering
ContractinChina
我国《建设工程施工合同(示范文本)》37.1款在承发包双方解决争端问题
上做了如此规定:“发包人承包人在履行合同时发生争议,可以和解或者要求
有关主管部门调解。当事人不愿和解、调解或者和解、调解不成的,双方可以
在专用条款内约定一种方式解决争议:第一种解决方式:双方达成仲裁协议,
向约定的仲裁委员会申请仲裁;第二种解决方式:向有管辖权的人民法院起诉。”
由此可以看出,仲裁或诉讼为我国建设工程施工合同发生纠纷时可选择的争端
解决方式。
Withrespectofsettlementofdisputebetweenacontract-offeringparty
andthecontractor,Article37.1oftheSampleofPRC'sConstruction
EngineeringContractstipulatesasfollows:anydisputearisingfrom
performanceofthecontractbyeitherthecontract-offeringpartyorthe
contractormaybesettledthroughamicableconsultationorthrough
ofeither
parties’unwillingnesstoorfailuretoreachasettlementthrough
amicableconsultationormediation,bothpartiesmayselectoneofthe
followingdisputesettlementmethodspursuanttospecialprovisions:one
methodistosubmitanarbitrationagreementconcludedbyandbetween
bothpartiestoanarbitrationcommissionasagreedforarbitration;the
othermethodistoinitiatelitigationproceedingswithapeople’scourt
eseenthatarbitrationandlitigation
aretwooptionalmethodsavailableforsettlementofdisputesover
constructionengineeringcontractsinChina.
由于涉外建筑工程的业主、承包商与分包商分布在不同国家,在发生纠纷时,
究竟适用哪一国的法律是在实务中出现的较多的问题。我国现有法律并未对涉
外建筑工程承包与分包合同纠纷案件管辖权作出明确规定,在法律适用上主要
依照《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》与《中华人民共和国涉外民事关系法律适
用法》相关规定,而在FIDIC发布的标准合同版本中,并没有限制或明确约定
有关适用特别法律的条款。国内外法律中的部分相关条款如下:
Duetothefactthattheowner,contractor(s)andsubcontractor(s)under
aforeignconstructionengineeringprojectmaycomefromdifferent
countries,thefairlycommonlyseenprobleminpracticeis,incaseof
anydisputearisingfromtheproject,bythelawsofwhichcountryshall
linglawsofChinacontainnoexpressive
provisionsonforeignconstructionengineeringcontractsor
a,disputes
ongoverninglawsaremainlysettledpursuanttorelevantprovisionsof
theCivilProcedureLawofPRCandtheLawoftheApplicationofLawfor
IDICconditionsofcontract,
theFIDICformsarenotrestricted,norintended,foruseundera
icdomesticandforeignlegalprovisions
onsuchdisputesareasfollows:
1、《民事诉讼法》第23条规定,“因合同纠纷发生的诉讼,由被告住所地或
者合同履行地法院管辖。”;
AsprovidedforinArticle23oftheCivilProcedureLawofPRC,“A
lawsuitbroughtonacontractdisputeshallbeunderthejurisdiction
ofthepeople'scourtoftheplacewherethedefendanthashisdomicile
orwherethecontractisperformed”.
2、《民事诉讼法》第34条规定,“合同或者其他财产权益纠纷的当事人可以
书面协议选择被告住所地、合同履行地、合同签订地、原告住所地、标的物所
在地等与争议有实际联系的地点的人民法院管辖,但不得违反本法对级别管辖
和专属管辖的规定。”;
AsprovidedforinArticle34oftheCivilProcedureLawofPRC,“Aparty
tothecontractorotherpropertydisputemaychoosebywrittenagreement
tobeunderthejurisdictionofthepeople’scourtinthelocationof
thedefendant’sdomicile,wherethecontractisperformedorsigned,
inthelocationoftheplaintiff’sdomicile,inthelocationofthe
subjectmatterorinotherlocationswhichhaveactualconnectionswith
thedispute,providedthattheprovisionsonhierarchicaljurisdiction
andexclusivejurisdictionarenotviolated”.
3、《民事诉讼法》第33条对于不动产纠纷作出专属管辖规定,“因不动产纠
纷提起的诉讼,由不动产所在地人民法院管辖。”;
UnderArticle33oftheCivilProcedureLawofPRC,exclusive
jurisdictioninrelationtorealestateisprovidedforasfollows:a
lawsuitbroughtonadisputeoverrealestateshallbeunderthe
jurisdictionofthepeople'scourtoftheplacewheretheestateis
located.
4、《民事诉讼法》第266条规定,属于我国人民法院专属管辖的涉外民事案
件有:1.在我国履行的中外合资经营企业合同纠纷;2.在我国履行的中外合
作经营企业合同纠纷;3.在我国履行的中外合作勘探开发自然资源合同纠纷。
AsprovidedforinArticle266oftheCivilProcedureLawofPRC,Actions
broughtondisputesarisingfromtheperformanceof(a)contractsfor
Chinese-foreignequityjointventures,or(b)contractsfor
Chinese-foreigncontractualjointventures,or(c)contractsfor
Chinese-foreigncooperativeexplorationanddevelopmentofthenatural
resourcesinthePeople'sRepublicofChinashallfallunderthe
jurisdictionofthepeople'scourtsofthePeople'sRepublicofChina.
5、《中华人民共和国涉外民事关系法律适用法》第41条规定:“当事人可以
协议选择合同适用的法律。当事人没有选择的,适用履行义务最能体现该合同
特征的一方当事人居所地法律或者其他与该合同有最密切联系的法律。”
AsprovidedforinArticle41oftheLawoftheApplicationofLawfor
Foreign-relatedCivilRelations,“partiestoacontractmaychoosethe
lawsgoverningthecontract;iftheyfailtodoso,lawsofthedomicile
ofonepartywhoseobligationperformancedemonstratescharacteristics
ofthecontracttothehighestextentorotherlawsinclosest
relationshiptothecontractshallgovern”.
6、《中华人民共和国涉外民事法律关系法律适用法》第36条规定:“不动产
物权,适用不动产所在地法律。”
AsprovidedforinArticle36oftheLawoftheApplicationofLawfor
Foreign-relatedCivilRelations,“realpropertyrightsshallbe
governedbylawsoftheplacewheretherealpropertyislocated”.
7、《瑞士国际私法》规定:“有关不动产或其使用的合同,由不动产所在地
法律支配,但也允许当事人选择。”
UnderSwitzerland'sFederalCodeonPrivateInternationalLaw,
“contractsinrelationtorealpropertiesorusethereofshallbe
governedbylawsoftheplacewherethecorrespondingrealproperties
arelocatedorotherlawsaschosenbypartiestothecontracts”.
8、《匈牙利国际私法》第24条规定:“对合同适用双方当事人在订立合同时
或之后选择的法律,如果没有选择,则根据本章第25条至29条规定确定对一
些特别类型合同的准据法”,其中第26条规定,“有关不动产合同,适用不动
产所在地法。”AsprovidedforinArticle24ofHungaryPrivate
InternationalLaw,“thegoverninglawsofacontractmaybechosenby
bothpartiestheretouponorafterconclusionofthecontract;ifboth
partiesfailtodoso,thegoverninglawsshallbedeterminedin
accordancewithprovisionsofArticle25to29ofthisChapterwhichare
applicabletosomespecialtypesofcontracts”.
9、《美国第二次冲突法重述》第186条规定:“合同中的问题,依当事人根
据第187条规则所选择的法律,或在当事人未作选择时,依照第188条规则所
选择的法律。”
AsstipulatedinSection186oftheRestatement(Second)ofConflictof
Laws,“Issuesincontractaredeterminedbythelawchosenbytheparties
inaccordancewiththeruleofSection187andotherwisebythelaw
selectedinaccordancewiththeruleofSection188”.
(1)第187条规定:“1.如果特定问题是当事人通过其合同对该问题的明示规
定可以解决的,则依当事人选择用以支配其合同权利义务的州的法律……”
UnderSection187thereof,“(1)thelawofthestatechosenbytheparties
togoverntheircontractualrightsanddutieswillbeappliedifthe
particularissueisonewhichthepartiescouldhaveresolvedbyan
explicitprovisionintheiragreementdirectedtothatissue”.
(2)第188条规定:“当事人未作有效选择时的准据法:
UnderSection188thereof,“Lawgoverninginabsenceofeffectivechoice
bytheparties:
a)当事人与合同的某个问题有关的权利义务,依在该问题上,按照第六条规定
的原则,适用与该交易及当事人有重要联系的那个州的本地法。
Therightsanddutiesofthepartieswithrespecttoanissueincontract
aredeterminedbythelocallawofthestatewhich,withrespecttothat
issue,hasthemostsignificantrelationshiptothetransactionandthe
partiesundertheprinciplesstatedintheSection6.
b)当事人未对法律做有效选择时(见第187条),适用第六条的原则以确定准
据法时应考虑的联系包括:
Intheabsenceofaneffectivechoiceoflawbytheparties(sees187),
thecontactstobetakenintoaccountinapplyingtheprinciplesofs
6todeterminethelawapplicabletoanissueinclude:
(i)合同缔结地/theplaceofcontracting;
(ii)合同谈判地/theplaceofnegotiationofthecontract;
(iii)合同履行地/theplaceofperformance,;
(iv)合同标的物所在地thelocationofthesubjectmatterofthecontract,
以及/and
(v)当事人的住所、居所、国籍、公司成立地以及营业地/thedomicile,
residence,nationality,placeofincorporationandplaceof
businessoftheparties。
对这些联系将按照其对该特定问题的重要程度加以衡量。”
Thesecontactsaretobeevaluatedaccordingtotheirrelativeimportance
withrespecttotheparticularissue.
由以上规定可以看出,在涉外建筑工程承包合同的诉讼上,虽然对于不动产物
权纠纷提起的诉讼适用不动产所在地法律,然而越来越多的规定不再固守这样
绝对化的专属管辖,在涉外不动产纠纷中,除了不动产物权上的争议,其他与
不动产合同有关的法律适用越来越倾向于尊重意思自治原则,当事人之间可以
协议选择合同适用的法律,若未选择,适用最密切联系地的法律。对于涉外建
筑工程,中国承包商与外国业主之间对于该不动产物权上的冲突,适用不动产
所在地的专属管辖。而对于中国分包商与承包人之间,更多的是涉及合同上的
纠纷,那么对于管辖权应该尊重双方协议选择的地点,若无协议选择,则适用
最密切联系地。例如,中国方面与波兰方面对于波兰境内的建筑工程的建设纠
纷中,若案件中涉及中方的承包商与分包商之间纠纷,按照如上分析,是可以
适用中国法律的。
Ascouldbeseenfromtheaboveprovisions,althoughlitigation
proceedingswithrespecttodisputesoverrealpropertyrightsunder
foreignconstructionengineeringcontractsshallbegovernedbythelaws
oftheplacewheretherealpropertyislocated,moreandmorelegal
provisionsnolongerpersistentlyadoptabsoluteexclusivejurisdiction;
applicationoflawsgoverningrealpropertycontracts,excluding
disputesoverrealpropertyrights,isincreasinglyinclinedtorespect
theprincipleof“partyautonomy”underwhichpartiestoacontract
maychoosethegoverninglawsor,intheabsenceofchoiceofgoverning
laws,thelawsoftheplaceinclosestconnectiontothecontractshall
puteoverrealpropertyrightsunderaforeign
constructionprojectbetweenaChinesebuilderandaforeignownershall
begovernedexclusivelybylawsoftheplacewheretherealpropertyis
located;however,disputesbetweenChinesesubcontractorsandChinese
contractors,mostofwhicharecontractualdisputes,shallbegoverned
bythelawschosenbybothcontractualpartiesor,intheabsenceof
choiceofgoverninglaws,bythelawsoftheplaceinclosestconnection
tance,inthecaseofadisputebetweenaChinese
contractorandasubcontractorwithrespectofaconstructionproject
locatedwithintheterritoryofPolandundertakenbyaPolandpartyand
aChineseParty,thelawsofChinashallbethegoverninglawspursuant
totheforegoinganalysis.
III.对涉外建筑工程分包合同法律适用的建议
SuggestionsonApplicationofLawsGoverningSubcontractsforForeign
ConstructionEngineeringProjects
笔者认为,在涉外建筑工程分包合同的法律适用问题上,应当采用当今国际上
的主流观点,即以当事人意思自治为主,最密切联系地为辅的原则。允许当事
人选择适用法,也是缔约自由这一合同原则的基本体现。虽然对于工程承包、
分包合同的法律适用在《中华人民共和国涉外民事关系法律适用法》及其司法
解释上暂无具体的说明。但在《中华人民共和国涉外民事法律适用法》实施之
前的《中国国际私法示范法》第101条体现了协定管辖优先的原则,“当事人
没有选择法律的,适用合同的最密切联系地法。通常情况下,下列合同的最密
切联系地依如下规定确定:(13)工程承包合同,适用工程所在地法。”此条
规定从法律上肯定了在涉外建筑工程承包、分包合同法律适用上,将当事人的
协定管辖放在优先的位置。
Accordingtotheauthor,thegloballyprevailingviewsonapplication
oflawsgoverningforeignconstructionengineeringsubcontractshallbe
adopted,underwhichtheprincipleofpartyautonomyshallpredominate
overtheprincipleofapplicationoflawsoftheplaceinclosest
ngcontractualpartiestochoose
governinglawsisanotherbasicreflectionoftheprincipleoffreedom
ghtheLawoftheApplicationofLawfor
Foreign-relatedCivilRelationsanditsprevailingjudicial
interpretationscontainnospecificprovisionsonapplicationoflaws
governingcontractsandsubcontractsofconstructionprojects,the
principleofapplicationoflawschosenbycontractualpartiesthrough
agreementisdemonstratedinprovisionsofArticle101ofModelLawof
PrivateInternationalLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,whichwas
promulgatedpriortotheLawoftheApplicationofLawfor
Foreign-relatedCivilRelations,asfollows:intheabsenceofchoice
ofgoverninglawsbycontractualparties,thelawsoftheplaceinclosest
ralcircumstances,
thelawsoftheplaceinclosestconnectiontothefollowingcontracts
shallbedeterminedasfollows:(13)contractsforconstruction
engineeringprojectsshallbegovernedbythelawsoftheplacewhere
galprovisions
acknowledgethedominantpositionofcontractualparties’choiceof
lawsgoverningcontractsandsubcontractsforforeignconstruction
engineeringprojects.
若双方没有协定管辖,那么应该适用最密切联系地法律,在判断法律适用上考
虑与合同本身存在最密切联系的因素,这些因素通常包括合同缔结地,合同履
行地,当事人的注册地,主要经营地或者住所、居所地,仲裁条款和当事人选
择的法院管辖权条款规定地,财产所在地等。而涉外建筑工程承包、分包合同
的最密切联系地则可以根据具体情况视为工程所在地,或是法人主营业地等。
若在海外工程中,承包商与分包商有一方或双方是中国建筑商,那么最密切联
系是可以适用建筑商的主营业地中国法律的。
Ifpartiestoacontractfailtochooseanygoverninglaw,thelawsof
determinationofthegoverninglaws,factorsinclosestconnectionto
actorsgenerally
includetheplaceofcontracting,theplaceofperformanceofthe
contract,theplaceofincorporation,principalplaceofbusiness,
domicileorresidenceofeachcontractualparty,placeofpromulgation
ofarbitrationregulationsandruleschosenbycontractualpartieson
jurisdictionofcourts,aswellastheplacewherepropertiesarelocated
ceinclosestconnectiontoanycontractorsubcontractfor
aforeignconstructionengineeringprojectmaybedeemedaccordingto
actualcircumstancestobetheplaceoftheprojectortheprincipalplace
erorboththecontractor
or/andthesubcontractorunderasubcontractforaforeignconstruction
projectis/areChinesebuilder(s),theplaceinclosestconnectionto
thesubcontractmaybetheprincipalplaceofbusinessoftheChinese
builder(s);thatis,thelawsofChinamaybethegoverninglaws.
值得注意的是,当事人订立的仲裁协议能够排斥诉讼中的专属管辖。根据我国
《关于适用〈中华人民共和国民事诉讼法〉若干问题的意见》第
305条规定:“依照民事诉讼法第三十四条和第二百四十六条规定,属于法院
专属管辖的案件,当事人不得用书面协议选择其他国家法院管辖。但协议选择
仲裁裁决的除外。”因此,若涉外建筑工程承包合同的当事人想获得工程所在
地之外的国家的法律保护,目前可行的作法是在合同中约定仲裁法院,以保护
自身的合法权益。
Whatisnoteworthyisthatanarbitrationagreementconcludedby
contractualpartiesmayexcludefromtheexclusivejurisdictionof
ulatedinArticle305ofOpinionsofthe
SupremePeople'sCourtonSomeIssuesConcerningtheApplicationofthe
CivilProcedureLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,“accordingto
provisionsofArticles34and246oftheCivilProcedureLaw,theparties
concernedshallnotselectaforeigncourtforjurisdictionbyawritten
agreement;unlesstheystipulatetosettlethedisputethrough
arbitration”,forpartiestoacontractofforeignconstruction
engineeringprojectwhointendtohavetheirlegalrightsandinterests
protectedbylawsofanycountryotherthanthecountrywheretheproject
islocated,thecurrentfeasiblewayistospecifyanarbitration
tribunalinthecontract.
合同下仲裁条款的适用问题
《菲迪克(FIDIC)建设工程施工合同(示范文本)》第26.6条规定,“经DAB
对之做出的决定(如果有)未能成为最终的和有约束力的任何争端,除非已获
得友好解决,应通过国际仲裁对其作出最终解决,除非双方另有协议:(a)争
端应根据国际商会仲裁规则最终解决;(b)争端应由按上述规则任命的3位仲
裁人员负责解决;以及(c)仲裁应以第1.4款规定的交流语言进行”。换句话
说,这个条款规定,除非当事人有特别协议,那所有因该合同引起的争议应当
适用ICCRules。条文虽然明确规定了仲裁适用条款,但在我国这种仲裁条款
是否有效力呢?前述笔者提到,在中国,除了仲裁机构自己,法院也能对仲裁
协议是否生效进行裁定或判决,而且当两结果相冲突时,往往以法院判决结果
为主。因此笔者将谈论该条仲裁协议在中国法院面前的效力。笔者认为该条文
存在两点不足之处会导致该条款在中国的效力有模棱两可的结果。
UnderClause26.6ofFIDICConstructionProjectContractTemplate,
“Unlesssettledamicably,anydisputeinrespectofwhichtheDAB’s
decision(ifany)hasnotbecomefinalandbindingshallbefinally
otherwiseagreedbyboth
parties:(a)thedisputeshallbefinallysettledundertheRulesof
ArbitrationoftheInternationalChamberofCommerce;(b)thedispute
shallbesettledbythreearbitratorsappointedinaccordancewiththese
Rules;and(c)thearbitrationshallbeconductedinthelanguagefor
communicationsdefinedinSub-Clause[lawandlanguage].Inotherwords,
thisClausestipulatesthat,unlessotherwisespecificallyagreedby
bothparties,alldisputesarisingfromthisContractshallbegoverned
ghgoverningarbitrationrulesareexpressly
specifiedthereunder,itleavesstillopenthequestionwhether
iouslymentioned
bytheauthor,besidesarbitrationinstitutions,courtsofcompetent
jurisdictionarealsocompetenttoruleorjudgewhetheranarbitration
agreementisvalid;furthermore,incaseofinconsistencyofrulings
betweenanarbitrationinstitutionandacourt,thecourt’sruling
prevailsinmostcases.
在中国,除了仲裁机构自己,法院也能对仲裁协议是否生效进行裁定或判决,
而且当两结果相冲突时,往往以法院判决结果为主。
TheauthorisoftheviewthattwodeficiencyofthisClausemaylead
toanambiguousanswertothequestiononvalidityofthearbitration
clauseinChina.
首先,条文虽然规定了合同适用ICCrules,但是,其却没有规定仲裁协议效
力的准据法。关于认定仲裁协议效力的准据法,在以往的司法实践中,中国法
院一般是根据国际私法的一般原理予以确定。在中国法院的司法实践中,主要
采取以下方法来确定认定仲裁协议的准据法:(1)当事人对仲裁协议效力的准
据法有明确约定。这种情况下中国法院即适用当事人选择的准据法认定所涉及
的仲裁条款是否有效力。(2)在没有约定认定仲裁协议效力的准据法的情况下,
如果约定了仲裁地点,法院即适用当事人约定的仲裁地的法律认定所涉仲裁协
议效力。(3)仲裁条款既没有约定认定仲裁协议效力的准据法,有没有约定仲
裁地点的情况下,法院会适用法院地法——中国法来认定协议效力。这种在实
践中被总结出来的方法被于2006年8月23日公布的法释[2006]7
号《关于适用<中华人民共和国仲裁法>若干问题的解释》第16条给予
确定,从此上述司法实践被赋予了法律约束力。
Firstly,althoughICCrulesarestipulatedastheapplicablearbitration
rulesthereunder,nolawgoverningthevalidityofarbitrationagreement
specttoascertainmentofthelawgoverningvalidity
ofarbitrationagreement,China’scourts,accordingtotheirjudicial
precedents,tendtomakeascertainmentinlinewithgeneralprinciples
oftheprivateinternationallaw,mainlyinthefollowingmethods:(1)
wherealawgoverningvalidityofarbitrationagreementisexpressly
stipulatedbycontractualparties,China’scourtswouldascertain
validityofthearbitrationclauseconcernedpursuanttosuchstipulated
governinglaw.(2)Iftheplaceofarbitrationisstipulatedundera
contractwithoutanystipulationonthelawgoverningvalidityof
arbitrationagreement,thecourtswouldapplythelawoftheplaceof
arbitrationinascertainingvalidityofthearbitrationagreement
concerned.(3)Whereneitheranylawgoverningvalidityofarbitration
agreementnoranyplaceofarbitrationisstipulatedunderthe
arbitrationclauseofacontract,thecourtwouldapplylawsofthe
locationofthecourt(China)inascertainingvalidityof
thodssummedupfrompracticewereaffirmedbythe
SupremePeople’sCourtthroughArticle16ofInterpretationofthe
SupremePeople'sCourtonIssuesconcerningApplicationoftheLawof
ArbitrationofPeople’sRepublicofChina[2006]o.7announcedon23
August,2006,givinglegalbindingforcetotheaforesaidjudicial
practices.
然而从该建筑合同范本20.6仲裁条款来看,只约定了解决合同争议的证据法,
而没有约定认定仲裁协议效力的准据法,也没有规定具体的仲裁地点,因此,
在这种情况下,只有当建筑合同被一方当事人提交至中国法院要求确认该仲裁
条款的效力之时,中国法院才会依据中国法律来确认该仲裁条款是否有效。
However,ascouldbeseenfromClause20.6Arbitrationofthe
ConstructionContractTemplate,onlythegoverninglawondispute
resolutionratherthanonascertainmentofvalidnessofarbitration
case,onlywhentheconstructioncontractissubmittedtoaChina’s
courtbyeithercontractualpartyforascertainmentofvalidityof
arbitrationclausethereof,theChina’scourtwouldmakesuch
ascertainmentinaccordancewiththelawsofChina.
那么接下来的问题就是,如20.6条款样的只约定了仲裁规则而没有规定仲裁机
构的仲裁协议在中国法律下是否有效呢?
Thenextquestionis,asstipulatedinClause20.6thereof,whetheran
arbitrationagreementspecifyingonlyarbitrationruleswithoutany
provisionontheplaceofarbitrationisvalidunderthelawsofChina?
根据中国仲裁法第16条第2款和第18条的规定,当事人在仲裁协议中没有明
确约定仲裁机构,又没有就仲裁机构达成补充协议,就应当认定仲裁协议无效。
这是中国对仲裁机构的特殊强调,也是中国仲裁立法不同于其他国家仲裁立法
的重要方面。此种原则以及立法精神一直引导着中国法院判案。在最高人民法
院于2004年7月5日做出的[2003]民四他字第23号《关于德国旭普林国际有
限责任公司与无锡沃可通用工程橡胶有限公司申请确认仲裁协议效力一案的请
示的复函》中对于案件所涉及仲裁条款(规定:“仲裁:适用国际商会仲裁规
则,在上海仲裁”)的效力明确:“根据我国仲裁法的有关规定,有效的仲裁
条款应当同时具备仲裁的意思表示、仲裁的事项和明确的仲裁机构三个方面的
内容。本案所涉仲裁条款从字面上看,虽然有明确的仲裁的意思表示、仲裁规
则和仲裁地点,但并没有明确指出仲裁机构,因此,应当认定该仲裁条款无
效….”同样,在最高法院2006年4月26日《关于仲裁条款效力请示的复函》
([2006]民四他字第6号)中指出,《中华人民共和国仲裁法》第18条明确规
定,仲裁协议对仲裁事项或者仲裁委员会没有约定或者约定不明确的,当事人
可以补充协议;达不成补充协议的,仲裁协议无效。由于本案双方当事人在仲
裁条款中未约定明确的仲裁机构,且不能达成补充协议,因此仲裁条款无
效……”
InaccordancewithprovisionsofParagraph2ofArticle16andArticle
18oftheArbitrationLawofChina,ifpartiestoanarbitrationagreement
neitherspecifyanyarbitrationinstitutionnorreachanysupplementary
agreementonarbitrationinstitution,thearbitrationagreementshall
mportanceisattachedtostipulation
theuniquenessofChina’s
legislationonarbitrationwhichhasalwaysbeentheprinciple
dominatingjudicialpracticesofChina’etterofReply
oftheSupremePeople'sCourttotheRequestforInstructionsontheCase
concerningtheApplicationofZüblinInternationalGmbHandWuxiWoke
GeneralEngineeringRubberCo.,erminingtheValidityofthe
ArbitrationAgreement[2003]MSTZo.23dated5July,2004,thevalidity
ofarbitrationclause(ation:arbitrationshallbeconducted
inShanghaiinaccordancewiththeICCrules)involvedinthecasewas
ascertainedasfollows:“Accordingtotherelevantprovisionsofthe
ArbitrationLawofChina,aneffectivearbitrationclauseshallhavesuch
threecontentsasanintentiontoarbitration,mattersforarbitration,
omthelettersofthe
arbitrationclausesinvolvedinthisCase,thereareclearintentionto
arbitration,arbitrationrules,andplaceofarbitration,butthe
ore,the
arbitrationclauseshallbedeterminedasinvalid”.Likewise,inthe
LetterofReplyoftheSupremePeople'sCourttotheRequestfor
InstructionsonValidityoftheArbitrationClause[2006]MSTZo.6dated
26April,2006,it’spointedoutthat“AsstipulatedinArticle18of
theArbitrationLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChina,ifanarbitration
agreementcontainsnoorunclearprovisionsconcerningthemattersfor
arbitrationorthearbitrationcommission,thepartiesmayreacha
chsupplementaryagreementcanbe
reached,rties
inthiscasespecifynoarbitrationinstitutioninthearbitrationclause
andfailtoreachanysupplementaryagreementthereon,thearbitration
clauseinquestionisthereforenullandvoid……”
对于如此严苛的仲裁要求,在实践中,并不有利于国际贸易、商业的发展,因
此,中国司法界根据实际需要做了一些补充完善。在法释[2006]7号最高人民
法院关于适用《中华人民共和国仲裁法》若干问题的解释第4条规定到:仲裁
协议仅约定纠纷适用的仲裁规则的,视为未约定仲裁机构,但当事人达成补充
协议或者按照约定的仲裁规则能够确定仲裁机构的除外。从条文字面可以看
出,相对仲裁法而言,最高院的司法解释扩展了认定仲裁协议有效的标准,即
如果当事人只规定适用某仲裁规则而没有约定仲裁机构,如果法院可以通过该
规则推导确定一个唯一的仲裁机构,那么该仲裁协议也是有效的。根据这条司
法解释,如果当事人在合同中仅约定适用《中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会仲裁
规则》(CIETACRules),该协议可被法院认定为有效。因为在2005版第四条
第(三)向中明确规定:“凡当事人约定按照本规则进行仲裁但未约定仲裁机
构的,均视为同意将争议提交仲裁委员会仲裁。”此条例被2012版仲裁规则沿
袭。在《仅约定适用<国际商会仲裁规则>没有约定仲裁机
构,该仲裁条款无效》(2007)民四终字第15号中明确指出:“2005年《中
国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会仲裁规则》就可以被认为是2006年司法解释条款中
‘按照约定的仲裁规则能够确定仲裁机构’的情形,而《国际商会仲裁规则》
不属于这种情形。
Inpractice,suchstringentlegalrequirementsonarbitrationwould
ingly,
China’sjudicialcirclesmadesomesupplementaryadjustmentstothe
rticle4of
InterpretationoftheSupremePeople'sCourtconcerningSomeIssueson
ApplicationoftheArbitrationLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChina
(Interpretationo.7[2006]),“whereanagreementforarbitration
stipulatesonlyarbitrationrulesapplicabletoanydispute,itshall
bedeemedthatnoarbitrationinstitutionisstipulated,unlessthe
partiesconcernedreachasupplementaryagreementthereonoran
arbitrationinstitutioncouldbedeterminedpursuanttothearbitration
rulesasagreedbythem”,itcouldbeseenthat,ascomparedto
provisionsoftheArbitrationLaw,suchinterpretationbythesupreme
courthasextendedthecriteriaforascertainmentofvalidityof
,wherepartiestoacontractstipulate
onlyapplicablearbitrationruleswithoutagreementonanyarbitration
institution,thecourtmaydetermineanexclusivearbitration
institutionbasedonthestipulatedarbitrationrulesandsuchcontract
ingtothisjudicial
interpretation,acontractmerelystipulatingCIETACRulesasthe
applicablerulesinitsarbitrationclausemaybedeemedasvalidbythe
’sexpresslyprovidedinparagraph3ofArticle4ofCIETAC
Rules(2005Revision)that“wherethepartiesagreetorefertheir
disputestoarbitrationundertheseRuleswithoutprovidingthenameof
anarbitrationinstitution,theyshallbedeemedtohaveagreedtorefer
thedisputetoarbitrationbytheCIETAC”.Suchprovisionisfollowed
byCIETACRules(2012Revision).Thesupremecourt,initsJudgment(2007)
MSZZo.15that“thearbitrationclauseisnullandvoidbecausethey
specifynoarbitrationinstitutionbutmerelyICCrulesasthegoverning
arbitrationrules”,expresslypointedoutthatCIETACRules(2005
Revision)maybedeemedaswithintherangeoftheJudicial
Interpretation2006that“anarbitrationinstitutionmaybedetermined
pursuanttoarbitrationrulesasstipulatedunderacontract”,while
ICCrulesmaynot.
根据上述法律规定以及司法解释,建筑合同范本中的20.6仲裁条款并不能被中
国法院认定为有效力。因为,法院不能从ICC仲裁规则中推导出唯一的仲裁机
构。这一点,也在上述的相关复函中得到确定。然而,笔者认为,
ICC2012新规则的颁布与生效,将会改变这一局面。
Inaccordancewiththeaforesaidlegalprovisionsandjudicial
interpretations,Clause20.6ArbitrationoftheConstructionContract
TemplatewouldnotbeascertainedasvalidbytheChina’
reasonisthatnoexclusivearbitrationinstitutioncouldbedetermined
undertheICCrulesbyChina’scourts,whichisaffirmedbytheSupreme
People’sCourtthroughtheaforesaidrelevantlettersofreply;however,
theauthorisoftheopinionthattheupcomingpromulgationand
effectivenessofnewrulesICC2012willchangethecurrentsituation.
ICC2012新规则新增加条款第6条第2项规定“凡当事人约定按照本规则进行
仲裁,均视为同意将争议提交给国际商会仲裁委员会。“(byagreeingto
arbitrationundertheRules,thepartieshaveacceptedthatthe
arbitrationshallbeadministeredbytheCourt.)其次,新规则第1条第
2款也明确到TheCourt是唯一经授权对仲裁规则项下仲裁活动实施管理的机
构,包括对按照仲裁规则所做出的裁决进行核阅、批准。(thecourtisthe
onlybodyauthorizedtoadministerarbitrationsundertheRules
includingthescrutinyandapprovalofawardsrenderedinaccordancewith
theRules,)新增加这两条规则,其与CIETAC第四条的规定极为相似,根据
这两条规则,我们可以推断出当事人双方在合同中约定所有争议由ICC规则管
辖,就等于双方约定了争议由ICC管辖。根据该新规则以及上述提到最高院
[2007]民四终字第15号的判决的精神,笔者认为可以从建筑合同范本第20.6
项条款推导出,双方已默示的约定将争议提交给国际商会仲裁委。然目前,中
国境内暂没有相关法院对这个问题进行确认,们需要等待相关司法解释或者最
高院的判例给予回复。
Wewillseeanewprovision“Paragraph2ofClause6”addedtothenew
ICCRules2012,providingthat“byagreeingtoarbitrationunderthe
Rules,thepartieshaveacceptedthatthearbitrationshallbe
administeredbytheArbitrationCommissionoftheInternationalChamber
ofCommerce”.Additionally,it’salsoprescribedunderParagraph2of
Article1ofthenewrulesICC2012that“thecourtistheonlybody
authorizedtoadministerarbitrationsundertheRulesincludingthe
scrutinyandapprovalofawardsrenderedinaccordancewiththeRules”.
Accordingtothesetwonewlyaddedprovisionswhicharequitesimilar
tothatunderClause4ofCIETAC,wecaninferthat,bystipulatingthat
alldisputesshallbegovernedbyICCrules,bothpartieshaveactually
horis
oftheopinionthat,undertheguidanceofthesenewrulesICC2012and
theaforesaidJudgment[2007]MSZZo.15madebytheSupremePeople’s
Court,itcanbedeferredfromClause20.6oftheConstructionContract
Templatethatbothpartiestheretohaveimpliedlyagreedtosubmitted
ering
thatnoneofChina’scourtshasevermadeaffirmationonthisissue,
weneedtowaitforthereplyintheformofrelevantjudicial
interpretationsordecisionsoftheSupremeCourt.
V.认定仲裁条款效力的准据法
ApplicableLawtoDetermineValidityofArbitrationClause
最高法院2006年4月26日《关于仲裁条款效力请示的复函》([2006]民四他
字第6号)中指出本案仲裁条款为涉外仲裁条款,首先应明确确认仲裁条款效
力的准据法。根据多年司法实践以及本院第二次全国涉外商事海事审判工作会
议纪要所确定的原则,当事人在合同中明确约定了仲裁条款效力的准据法的,
应当适用当事人明确约定的法律;未约定仲裁条款效力的准据法但约定了仲裁
地的,应当适用仲裁地国家或者地区的法律。
TheLetterofReplyoftheSupremePeople'sCourttotheRequestfor
InstructionsonValidityoftheArbitrationClause[2006]MSTZo.6dated
26April,2006readsthatthearbitrationclausesofthiscaseinvolve
foreignelements,thusthefirstpointtomakesureistheapplicable
nyears’
judicialexperienceaswellastheprinciplesascertainedinthemeeting
summaryof2ndationalConferenceofJudicialWorkonCommercialand
maritimeCasesheldbythisCourt,wherepartiesexpresslyagreeinthe
agreementontheapplicablelawtodeterminethevalidityofarbitration
clause,suchagreedlawshallbeapplied;wherenoapplicablelawto
determinethevalidityofarbitrationclausehasbeenagreedonbutthe
placeofarbitrationhasbeenagreedon,thelawofthecountryorregion
wheretheplaceofarbitrationislocatedinshallbeapplied.
《纽约公约》(ewYorkConvention1958)第5条第1款第1项规定(Article
V(1)(A)):
一、裁决唯有于受裁决援用之一造向申请承认及执行地之主管机关提具证据证
明有下列情形之一时,始得依该造之请求,拒予承认及执行:
ArticleV(1)(A)ofewYorkConvention1958readsthat:
Recognitionandenforcementoftheawardmayberefusedattherequest
ofthepartyagainstwhomitisinvoked,onlyifthatpartyfurnished
theprooftothecompetentauthoritywheretherecognitionand
enforcementissoughtononeofthefollowinggrounds:
(甲)第二条所称协定之当事人依对其适用之法律有某种无行为能力情形者,
或该项协定依当事人作为协定准据之法律系属无效,或未指明以何法律为准时,
依裁决地所在国法律系属无效者;
(a)ThepartiestotheagreementreferredtoinarticleIIwere,under
thelawapplicabletothem,undersomeincapacity,orthesaidagreement
isnotvalidunderthelawtowhichthepartieshavesubjecteditor,
underthelawofthecountrywheretheawardwasmadewhenfailingany
indicationofapplicablelaws.
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